Archeologia e Calcolatori - Published Articles http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ugent/lib/srepod/www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml 2.0 claudio.barchesi@iscima.cnr.it 1990-01-01 no YYYY-MM-DD oai_dc http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:1 1990-01-01 Nouvelles tendances méthodologiques dans le traitement de l'information en archéologie Djindjian, F. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The author analyses new methodological trends in the nineties, concerning the evolution of quantitative techniques, and the development of computerised tools. The main role in archaeology of institutional changes and the influence of theorical approaches in Human Sciences are analysed, in order to discover a third way in archaeology. pp. 9-13 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:2 1990-01-01 Dalla teoria alla ricerca sul campo: il contributo dell'informatica all'archeologia medievale Francovich, R. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The standardisation of records in archaeological work has permitted, notwithstanding some initial “resistence”, the massive introduction of computer science. In the field of post-classical archaeology the contribution of computers appears essential in comparison with data arising from written documentation. The latter appears to be of such dimension and quality that it has led to the formation of a historiographical tradition that is not used to dealing with archaeological research. Cartographic computerisation and image processing represent another sector which is developing in the post-classical field in order to study city-planning and building. This leads to an interdisciplinarity which is becoming extremely stimulating. pp. 15-26 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:3 1990-01-01 Dall'archivio IBM: 1958-1970 Cerizza, A. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The examination of archaeological documents preserved in the IBM archive outlines the development and the methodological tendencies which characterised, from the end of 1950's until the 1970's, the application of computer science in this field of study. The phases regarding technological development are described, as are the procedures relative to research projects of various subjects, both linguistic and strictly archaeological. These experiences show that, right from the beginning of the application of computers in archaeology, the tendency was to exploit their logical and mathematical potential. pp. 27-37 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:30 1990-01-01 L'analisi quantitativa nell'archeologia di epoca storica Moscati, P. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds The application of quantitative analysis techniques, widespread in prehistory, still appears little used in the study of historical archaeology. For the most part their application concerns the field of morphometry and typometry of archaeological objects, and especially of ceramic artefacts. A survey of the projects carried out, with emphasis on the analysis of Etruscan artefacts (e.g. stone urns and bronze mirrors), outlines the methodological tendencies and the most used methods and verifies the results obtained through the application of mathematical and statistical analyses. pp. 39-80 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:31 1990-01-01 Statistical analysis of ceramic assemblages Orton, C. Tyers, P.A. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds As well as solving two long-standing theoretical problems, this work shows great potential for the interpretation of ceramic assemblages, and has implications for the way in which pottery is catalogued. Different sorts of interpretation (functional, chronological, distributional) are possible at different levels of grouping (context, phase and site assemblages). pp. 81-110 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:32 1990-01-01 Note sulla distribuzione delle ceramiche di importazione greca nel Salento in età arcaica. Aspetti metodologici Semeraro, G. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds Methodological and statistical aspects of the distribution of Greek imported ware in the archaic period (600-480 a.C.) in Salento are presented here. They form part of a wider research on trade. In order to value the fieldwork intensity and assess the survival conditions of archaeological data, the contexts to which the finds can be provenienced have been analysed. Frequencies of type concerning recovery of artefacts (occasional recovery, systematic excavation, survey, underwater and unclassified), frequencies of contextual types (settlements, cultual places, isolated graves, necropolis, unclassified and anchorage) and frequencies of the exploration degree in the archaeological sites have been studied. Crosstabulations between these classification factors and the quantities of material found in each context have been conducted. These analyses permit us to identify similar contexts from the point of view of archaeological research and to value more fully the phenomenon of interaction and exchange in the Salentine peninsula in the archaic period. Regression analyses were also conducted to study the distribution of Greek colonial ware. pp. 111-163 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n1_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:314 1990-01-01 Antichi insediamenti antropici nella laguna di Venezia: analisi multivariata di tipo 'Fuzzy c-means clustering' Canal, E. Cavazzoni, S. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds A particular type of multivariate analysis called “fuzzy c-means clustering” was applied to ancient bricks of 44 archaeological sites in the Lagoon of Venice, the remains of historical settlements of the last two thousand years. Each brick is characterized by its three geometrical dimensions, probably related to the local units of measure of the various epochs. The analysis was made with binary data (presence/absence) for the 20 principal types of bricks. The aim was to establish temporal relations among the various sites, some of which have definite temporal reference, allowing both to extend the references to the unknown sites and to evaluate, measuring the depth of the archaeological sites, the trend of the geological subsidence in the Venetian area. The results, compared also with those of a Correspondence Analysis, are, within some limitations, in agreement with the available dating from archivistic sources. pp. 165-177 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:154 1990-01-01 Un calcolatore disegna e registra ceramica antica: il sistema ARCOS-1 negli scavi di Velia, comune di Ascea (Salerno) Krinzinger, F. Teegen, W.-R. Schick, M. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration The ARCOS System (ARchaeological COmputerized System), created in Karlsruhe, permits the automatic recording of ceramic objects and their subsequent processing and graphical representation. The System consists of two elements: ARCOS-1 is a mobile configuration for image recording; ARCOS-2 is a stationary data processor. The authors describe in particular the test carried out during the excavations at Velia (Salerno) in the summer of 1987. This test led to the graphical documentation of about 200 ceramic artefacts. pp. 179-209 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:82 1990-01-01 Informatica e topografia storica: cinque anni di esperienza su un secolo di tradizione Sommella, P. Azzena, G. Tascio, M. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The application of computer science and advanced technologies to the topographical management of archaeological data have made it possible, in the last five years, to adjust an instrument of a strong tradition, such as the “Forma Italiae”, to the new requirements for the planning and protection of a territory. From the application of digital mapping to historical cities, the management of territorial archaeological data, satellite survey and multimedia distribution of information, the development outlook becomes gradually broader, respecting however, the methodological progress achieved during a century of tradition in historical topographical studies. pp. 211-236 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n1_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n1_tavIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n1_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n1_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n1_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n1_tavVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:4 1990-01-01 L'ambiente Unix e le applicazioni umanistiche Orlandi, T. Data encoding and metadata Theoretical and methodological problems The trend in the use of computers in the Humanities, unlike taught or social sciences applications, seems to be the coexistence and exchange of many small or medium-size databases (both textual and “factual”) rather than larger ones, developed in big institutions. This requires two main conditions: a common operating environment and standards in the organisation and encoding of data. In archaeology, as in other disciplines, Unix offers a convenient solution for problem 1, and relational database theory for problem 2. An example is given of how a database may be organised and managed exclusively with the native tools of Unix and plain ASCII files. pp. 237-251 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:129 1990-01-01 The ARBOR information system for classical archaeology and history of art Eisner, M. Database Cultural Resource Management Archaeological knowledge can be formally divided into object and method knowledge. The former consists of the knowledge of the concrete nature of the individual research objects, and is based on analysis. The latter means the knowledge about how to evaluate the object knowledge with the help of interdisciplinary methods, and leads to historical knowledge as the synthesis. Object knowledge is based on individual observation, and method knowledge on comparison. ARBOR consists of a formal language able to represent textual object knowledge in a computer readable way. A PC-based implementation allows the retrieval on ARBOR-coded objects descriptions in different tree-structure-specific query-modes. pp. 253-262 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:130 1990-01-01 ALADINO: verso un sistema computerizzato per lo studio e l'analisi dei dati archeologici Guermandi, M.P. Database Cultural Resource Management ALADINO is a database system created by the Centro di Documentazione of the Istituto Beni Culturali. It was used for data storage and retrieval during the course of the Roman and medieval excavations at Castelraimondo (Udine - Italy). Its distinctive features are flexibility, user friendly interfaces, the use of natural language and the automatic integration of alphanumeric data and images. ALADINO produces distribution maps of data acquired during excavation and allows frequency tables and simple uni- and bivariate analyses. At present, ALADINO has been further improved with new releases and it will be connected with other programs in order to study coarse wares through statistical analyses (cluster, multivariate, etc.) and to further implement a real computer-based information system. pp. 263-294 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n1_tavVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:231 1990-01-01 Le banche dati dell'epigrafia: esperienze e prospettive Giacomini, P. Database Epigraphy and numismatics The dominant method of working has changed and is changing at an ever-increasing speed, also for the epigraphists: many computer applications are today available to process epigraphical data. This article provides a rapid survey of the major types of computer based projects in epigraphy. The procedure currently used at Bologna is explained here: its purpose is to produce an index of forms in Roman inscriptions. Data entry is still in progress, through the application of a set of utilities that has been written, to allow a two way transfer of data between WS and dBase III. pp. 295-303 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:421 1990-01-01 CAA89 - Computer applications and quantitative methods in archaeology Blake, V. B. pp. 305-307 1990-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. I - 1990 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:5 1991-01-01 Un centre de recherches sur les systèmes d'information en archéologie Ginouvès, R. Guimier-Sorbets, A.-M. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The authors present the research activity carried out at the “Centre de recherche sur les Traitements Automatisés en Archéologie Classique”. This activity can be divided into two main themes. The purpose of the first is to publish works intended to standardise descriptive archaeological language. The second aims at creating data banks, with particular reference to classical archaeology, and videodisks permitting the association of images to the relative documents. pp. 7-12 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:6 1991-01-01 La catalogazione dei beni archeologici e le tecnologie informatiche Ferrari, O. Database Theoretical and methodological problems The author explains the principles applied by the Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione for the automatic processing of archaeological data in connection with the tasks of protection and preservation of the national cultural heritage. These principles aim at characterizing each archaeological work and at determining the relationships between these and their territorial context in a global historical dimension. Recent research works, and in particular those (generally disappointing) undertaken in the context of the so called “Giacimenti Culturali”, pointed out the necessity of a conceptual, more than technological, coordination. For this reason some fundamental methodological tools were implemented: “Dizionari Terminologici”, “Strutturazioni dei dati” and photographic inventories published by the Institute. pp. 13-17 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:177 1991-01-01 Sperimentazione dell'informatica nella didattica dell'archeologia Zaccaria Ruggiu, A. Computer Graphics IP CAD Data dissemination and education This paper presents an experimental project in the use of Personal Computers for teaching archaeology at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Venice. During three academic years from 1987/88 to 1989/90 the students worked on input and output of excavation data from existing information complied on sheets called “Unità Stratigrafiche” and “Elementi Strutturali”, using the Software Data Base III Plus. Furthermore the students began to use the graphical software package AutoCad, to draw the successive layers including their with tridimensional rendering. pp. 19-23 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:83 1991-01-01 Calcolatori ed archeologia: un progetto per gli anni '90 De Guio, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The paper identifies a number of possible developments in archaeology in the ’90s. The epigenetic panorama is seen as evolving in three major directions, which are termed, ironically, “pie archaeology”, “ambush archaeology” and “glove archaeology”. This latter direction, an emerging but still undefined area at the critical interface between archaeological theory and Artificial Intelligence, is identified as the most promising for the near future, particularly since it may unblock the impasse which hinders theoretical development. This “pipe-dream” is discussed with reference to the Anglo-Italian field-survey project, the “Progetto Alto-Medio Polesine-Basso Veronese”, where an attempt is being made to put theory into practice pp. 25-78 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavVII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavVIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavIX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:33 1991-01-01 Contribución de análisis estadisticos para la diferenciación de grupos "culturales" durante la Edad del Bronce en el Sur del Sistema Ibérico (Teruel, España) Picazo Millán, J.V. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds The determination of cultural groups is revealed as one of the basic principles in undertaking the study of social formations in the Bronze Age complex panorama in the Iberian Peninsula. In this paper an analysis model is proposed for its identification in a southern area of the Iberian mountain range by means of statistical multivariate analysis (Cluster Analysis and Principal Components Analysis) and study on the pottery, particularly the decoration. In this way, we have succeeded in identifying two groups with distinct personalities, coincidental with many other microregions whose diversification emerges in the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600-1300 BC), showing a process of territorial fragmentation after the apparent uniformity dominant during the Early Bronze Age. pp. 79-108 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ES Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:34 1991-01-01 Analisi comparata delle attestazioni della ceramica africana nel V sec. d.C.: un'indagine preliminare Fontana, S. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds In this paper a comparison between data on African Red Slip from several Italian and African sites is attempted. The aim of this preliminary survey is the detection of variations in the distribution and use of this ceramic production in the 5th century AD. At the same time the patterns of trade, and the differences between the diffusion in African sites, the overseas distribution and the local markets, are examined. Those differences can be detected by means of comparative analysis between contexts coming from different kinds of settlements: major centres, ports or more or less isolated sites. The presence of the various productions and forms of ARS have been compared with multivariate statistical analyses. pp. 109-121 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavXI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:155 1991-01-01 Il CAD commerciale per l'archeologia D'Agata, M.G. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration The article is addressed to the archaeologist, usually a “non expert” beneficiary of the innovative computer science techniques, but, at the same time, bearer of very complex requests. It proposes to give a concise and up to date view of the state of CAD software, especially as regards tridimensional graphics. pp. 123-127 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:131 1991-01-01 Una banca dati di immagini su videodisco Medri, M. Polese, W. Computer Graphics IP CAD Cultural Resource Management The first part of the article introduces the creation of data banks of actual images. The questions considered are the formats used in the representation, the process, the support and the costs. The second part describes the Eubea Project’s experience in creating a videodisk holding 15,000 images. In particular, the standards used and the organization are described. pp. 129-172 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavXI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:132 1991-01-01 New thesaurus qualities of ARBOR Eisner, M. Database Cultural Resource Management The author describes new additional qualities of the program ARBOR which allow a less redundant object description and facilitate the setting up and the use of pictorial databases. pp. 173-178 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:133 1991-01-01 NIKE: progetto di una base di dati archeologica Bianchimani, A. Parra, M.C. Database Cultural Resource Management Nike is a computer system to support the archaeologist’s work. It can be used from the early phases of an archaeological excavation: from information gathering, to the actual excavation, up to the elaboration of its results. Nike organises in a single data base both graphical and textual data, in order to facilitate the collection, preservation, maintenance, and retrieval of information. Nike is a highly interactive system, and the navigation in the database depends on the result of the previous choice, according to the logical links present in the data itself, and guided by the specific needs of the researcher pp. 179-203 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:134 1991-01-01 Uno studio per la catalogazione territoriale e architettonica del centro storico di Roma Bianchi, L. Database Cultural Resource Management The article explains the theoretical aspects of a cataloguing plan financed in the context of the so-called “Giacimenti Culturali” (Lana 41/86, Art. 15). This work concerns some areas of the city of Rome, in particular, monumental and topographical survey, territorial and architectonical cataloguing techniques, that are discussed here with the aid of computer science. The subsequent development of this plan will have as a fundamental issue the drawing of a prototypal magnetic Forma Urbis, suitable for, the safeguarding of the cultural heritage or for scientific purposes. pp. 205-220 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n2_tavXII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:315 1991-01-01 SQL and Hypertext generation of stratigraphic adjacency matrices Boast, R. Chapman, D. Database Survey and excavations As part of an on-going project for a London based Archaeological Information System, work on the automatic generation of stratigraphic adjacency matrices has been jointly undertaken by the Department of Urban Archaeology (MOL) and the Department of Photogrammetry and Survey (UCL). Such a program has been developed on an Apple Macintosh using SQL treewalking techniques (under Oracle RDBMS) and a Hypertext interface which handles graphic presentation and manages rule based drawing conventions (using Supercard object-oriented hypertext). The ultimate goal of this research is the creation of an interactive reporting structure which allows access to many levels of recorded and interpretive site information. pp. 221-239 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:84 1991-01-01 Proposta di un sistema ipertestuale per il trattamento della documentazione in archeologia Conforti, P. Esposito, A. Database Survey and excavations This article proposes a hypertext technology-based system for the management of archaeological documentation. The system is conceived to give archaeologists the means to have on-line all information about an archaeological context, so that this information is available to more than one workstation. In such a way the archaeologist is enabled to operate in real-time, to extract and manipulate on different levels the information on which the research is based. pp. 241-250 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:85 1991-01-01 Le componenti paesistiche negli insedimenti coloniali di Sicilia e Magna Grecia: un ipertesto per la ricerca Limido, L. Ricotti, M. Database Survey and excavations A set of related historical, geographical and cultural arguments shows that a connection exists between urban planning and territorial morphology for seven Greek colonies in Sicily, namely: Himera, Megara Hyblaea, Siracusa, Gela, Agrigento, Heraclea Minoa, Selinunte. It is discussed here how, in those cases, the neighbouring landscape justifies the geographical location, the site choice, and the displacements of functional and architectural elements in the site. The enlighted connection is concerned with both functional and aesthetical aspects of the landscape. The quantity and complexity of documents led to a different methodology of data analysis and presentation, i.e. the hypertext methodology, which, although not new, has been highly developed in the last few years thanks to the capillary diffusion of computers and especially the flourishing of programmes for the development of hypertext applications. pp. 251-282 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:232 1991-01-01 L'informatica nell'epigrafia: primi risultati di un censimento Bielman, A. Ducrey, P. Frei-Stolba, R. History of applications and research projects Epigraphy and numismatics Un Colloque 'Epigraphie et Informatique' s'est tenu à l'Université de Lausanne les 26 et 27 mai 1989 sous le haut patronage de l'AIEGL (cf. compte rendu in Epigraphica LI, 1989, p. 275-279). A l'issue du colloque, le bureau de l'AIEGL et les partecipants ont désigné une commission chargée de recueillir des reinsegnements sur l'utilisation de l'informatique dans les recherches conduites acutellement en épigraphie grecque et latine. pp. 283-326 1991-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text FR Epigraphica LI, 1989, p. 275-279 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. II - 1991 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:35 1992-01-01 An example of supervised classification in paleolithic archaeology Bietti, A. Burani, A. Zampetti, D. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds As an example of pattern recognition problems in prehistory, the authors present two different kinds of classification (unsupervised and supervised) applied to a sample of common Upper Paleolithic tools: the end-scrapers of Grotta Polesini, coming from layer 1 and layer C12. The results, obtained through the use of statistical techniques, led to a general conclusion: in building a typology more attention should be given to functional considerations and to a deep understanding of behavioural patterns on a more local scale. The traditional prehistoric typological lists are therefore criticised, as they are often too general and too much oriented towards large scale comparisons in space and time pp. 7-17 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:60 1992-01-01 Analisi quantitativa di forme di alcune lucerne tardoromane Modrzewska, I. Taroni, G. Statistics Archaeometry This paper considers certain geometrical aspects of three Late Roman oil lamps. Comparison is performed by choosing amongst the geometric indexes in order to single out and estimate similarities and peculiarities of their shape. The preferred indexes chosen were symmetry and a particular size ratio. A difficulty arose from the fact that, since one does not know the numerical variability of the indexes depending on even small deformations, poor information can be obtained. Therefore, using bootstrap resampling the sample distribution is estimated for the two indexes. Through its application, one can build new methods of comparison in order to evaluate similarities and differences otherwise impossible to evidence using conventional methods. pp. 19-36 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:158 1992-01-01 Archeologia e tecniche di eidologia informatica Guidazzoli, A. Forte, M. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration The digital image processing technique is a complex computational tool which allows the powerful extraction of relevant information from digital data. A research project has been developed at CINECA (InterUniversity Supercomputing Center, Bologna) in cooperation with the University of Rome “La Sapienza”, in order to produce specific image processing tools for archaeological applications. The application fields are: digital analysis of aerial photographs; remote sensing; automatic classifications; automatic drawing; Digital Elevation Models (DEM); texture mapping; 3D landscape navigation. pp. 37-76 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:156 1992-01-01 La video-documentazione elettronica dello scavo archeologico (V.M.D.). Studi ed esperienze per il progetto di una periferica dedicata Gottarelli, A. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration The main advantages of archaeological excavation electronic video documentation are to be found in the highly informative potential of recording sound and movement with respect to documentation. This opens up the many potentials of electronic image management, both in data acquisition and processing. The first benefit deals with the possibility of direct computer interfacing, the real-time control (via the monitor) of each frame sequence, and more generally the useful tendency of video devices to be automated for recording. The second main benefit deals with the extended possibilities of electronic image enhancing and processing, that can be efficiently used in archaeological research. pp. 77-99 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavVII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:157 1992-01-01 Fotogrammetria finalizzata all'archeologia: il contributo del calcolatore Piccarreta, F. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration Photogrammetric display gives the archaeologist the possibility of personally constructing maps to meet his needs through the selection of features shown, prominence assigned to them and through the accurate and detailed rendering of relief. The aid of computers is very important, both for database construction and for the full utilisation of analytical photogrammetric systems pp. 101-120 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavIX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:135 1992-01-01 SIRIS - Sistema informativo dei beni culturali e delle fonti documentarie Sani, M. Lavecchia, F. Losi, D. Database Cultural Resource Management SIRIS (Information system for the reconstruction of historical settlements) is a territorial recording project based on the standards established by the Italian Central Institute for Catalogue and Documentation. Its aim has been to create an integrated alphanumeric, cartographic, iconographic data bank to operate as an informative territorial system pertaining to the cultural heritage of the Emilia-Romagna Region. Information resulting from territorial analyses conducted during the project have been listed, memorised in alphanumeric files or on videodisks (in the case of photos) and then mapped. The research relating to the card-indexing of archivistic and cartographic documentary sources has covered the entire regional territory, while landscape and morphological analyses, cataloguing of architectural works and the study of planning instruments have been carried out in the boroughs of Boretto, Brescello, Gualtieri, Guastarla, Luzzara, Novellara, Poviglio and Reggiolo. All this information is now contained in an integrated multimedia data bank. A microcomputer (VAX) with a standard operating system (UNIX) and a DBMS (INFORMIX) manages the alphanumerical and digital mapping databases and contains the instructions to guide the user through the data banks. A highly developed work station presenting information by means of windows (software X-WINDO\X'S) is available to the SIRIS user. Methodologies of human-computer interaction have been developed with particular care in order to achieve a complete and easy-to-use system. The project has been promoted by the Istituto per i Beni Culturali of the Emilia-Romagna Region and In-Systems and Management S.p.A. pp. 121-138 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:137 1992-01-01 Le collezioni archeologiche dell'Opera della Primaziale Pisana. Un sistema ipertestuale per la catalogazione automatica di materiali antichi reimpiegati Benelli, M.V. Database Cultural Resource Management The aim of the present piece of work is to devise a tool for the computerized handling of information regarding the re-use of classical material in Medieval and Renaissance buildings. In view of the variety, loose structure and complex interrelations of the data in question, and in view of the kind of people likely to be interested in the product (historians, art-historians and archaeologists), hypermedia and hypertextual techniques were adopted. Thus, the software chosen was HyperCard, together with HyperKRS for improved searching. Particular attention was paid to the problems connected with the simultaneous handling of text and images, as well as to the definition of the user-interface and the search and retrieval operations. The pilot study made use of material from the archaeological Collection of the Opera Primaziale of Pisa. pp. 139-155 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:136 1992-01-01 Le sperimentazioni sulla ceramica dell'Istituto di Archeologia dell'Università di Bologna Guermandi, M.P. Quartili, L. Santoro Bianchi, S. Mingucci, R. Statistics Cultural Resource Management The authors present the research activity carried out at the Istituto di Archeologia of Bologna University. The projects concern in particular ceramic artefacts, from attic black-figured pottery to coarse ware. The procedures followed for the storage, retrieval and data analysis use DBMS, IRS, CAD and statistical packages. A database system was created in order to examine the diffusion of Athenian pottery during the first half of the VI century and to consider possible “export models”, archaic trade overseas of attic black-figured pottery and the role of fine Athenian vases in their own production context. In the coarse ware research project, statistical procedures and quantitative analyses were carried out in order to create a problem-oriented classification in which the pottery was used as an anthropological indicator. Finally, some computer graphics applications were undertaken with some fragmentary coarse ware vessels, and a comparison made with the traditional graphical representations. pp. 157-198 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavXI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n3_tavXII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:178 1992-01-01 Beni Culturali: didattica al computer Pagliani, M.L. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education Personal computers are able to organise complex information and to develop didactic experiences. In particular, new software makes use of audiovisual techniques, controlled by the computer, to create interactive experiences. This article discusses some of the principal interactive programs utilised in art exhibitions and highlights the power of multimedia programs in didactic activities. Some suggestions are also made regarding the use of multimedia programs. pp. 199-206 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:233 1992-01-01 CAIE: progetto per un 'Corpus Automatizzato delle Iscrizioni Etrusche' Pandolfini, M. Moscati, P. Database Epigraphy and numismatics The authors present the “CAIE” project, carried out at the Istituto per l'archeologia etrusco-italica of the Italian CNR. The aim of the project is the computerisation of the Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae, with the use of an Information Retrieval System, and the association between texts and archaeological and epigraphical information, such as place and way of finding, support object, technical characteristics, chronology and bibliographical references. The choice of the program FUL/TEXT, implemented for IBM PC, is related to the facility of organising the data both in fixed fields, useful for recording archaeological and epigraphical information, and in free format, useful for recording texts. A personalisation of the program was also implemented, above all for solving the problems presented by the Etruscan language. Data bank consultation is foreseen and will allow interrogations to be made also by unspecialised users. pp. 207-218 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:234 1992-01-01 Scheda computerizzata per il materiale laterizio bollato Filippi, G. Database Epigraphy and numismatics This paper presents the computerised epigraphical form which has been used for the cataloguing of the Roman brick stamps in the collection of the Vatican Museums. It has been structured on the basis of the form used for the cataloguing of the Lapidary Collections of the Museo Nazionale Romano. Following the acronyms of the entries, represented by an abbreviation of four letters, this form gives a series of answers written in capital letters, one of these to be chosen depending on each specific case; they are followed by blank spaces destined to contain different data, especially numerical. With the formalised recording of the data through an editor, it is possible to create statistical indices (KWIC and other types) through two programs called S.I.D.E.R.A. and « Epiglossa », written for this purpose. pp. 219-252 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:422 1992-01-01 Attività del Comitato HC Giacomini, P. pp. 253-258 1992-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. III - 1992 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:8 1993-01-01 Les systèmes d'informations en archéologie Djindjian, F. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The development of computer applications in archaeology involves a complex trend in order to define, before undertaking any implementation, a conceptual framework of computable functions, archaeological objects and data models. This conceptual framework allows the definition of a global information system, well adapted to the various archaeological problems. After that definition, it is easier to develop a long-term and evolving software architecture, integrating the best packages of the market. pp. 9-25 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:9 1993-01-01 Sulla codifica delle fonti archeologiche Orlandi, T. Data encoding and metadata Theoretical and methodological problems Encoding problems are often neglected, in archaeological as in other humanities related research, because of their apparent triviality. Encoding is assumed to be the reproduction in an “electronic alphabet” (be it the ASCII code or a second level language like SGML) of something written on paper. On the contrary, the encoding process begins with the recognition, choice and declaration of the elements of reality which we are going to submit to an electronic process. As a consequence, we must examine very carefully the substance of the logical and formal passages that we undertake. This article tries to show the difference between many kinds of encoding and the significance of encoding in archaeology, in comparison with other opinions, mainly by J.-CI. Gardin and F. Djindjian. pp. 27-38 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:38 1993-01-01 Nuove prospettive nelle analisi di correlazioni spaziali in preistoria Bietti, A. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds This paper provides a short summary of some recent results in intrasite spatial analysis in Prehistoric archaeology and, in particular, in Paleolithic archaeology where, as it is well known, intrasite spatial analyses have been applied for at least twenty years. Starting with some “classic” examples of 80’s (the Magdalenian site of Pincevent, the ethnoarchaeological analysis of the Mask site in Alaska), and a short illustration of the techniques applied (correspondence analysis, k-means cluster analysis, unconstrained clustering, factor analysis, etc.), some of the most recent applications are described: the Mesolithic Barmose I site in Denmark, studied by H. Blankholm, and the Middle Pleistocene site of Grotte Vaufrey in South West France (Dordogne), where the intrasite spatial analysis has been performed by J. Simek. We then discuss the relationship between the “quality” of the quantitative procedures used in the data analysis, which is in general of an outstanding level, and the “reliability” of the archaeological interpretation. A major conclusion is that the problems arising in the archaeological interpretation (a good example of which is Grotte Vaufrey) are much more connected with the choice of variables in the quantitative analysis, than with the different algorithms employed: we thus recommend to the archaeologists (and not to the computer scientists involved in the research) the basic selection and choice of the essential variables derived from the data. pp. 39-60 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:7 1993-01-01 Automatic problem-solving in archaeology: a computational framework Barceló, J.A. Simulation AI Theoretical and methodological problems In this paper I have tried to build a computational theory. In other words, a “theory” implemented in a computer program. When using a computational theory we try to solve scientific problems, that is to say, we do not retrieve data units, but we “instantiate” a solution for the problem. I have formalised the concept of an “archaeological problem” in the following way: how is an artefact (or set of artefacts) used by a community in a specific context. The task is then to evaluate the social uses of a specific set of artefacts (Final Situation or State) in terms of: a) their description, and b) all information available about the social, cultural or chronological context and about the human community who produced those artefacts (Initial Situation or State).We may then represent problem solving knowledge as a list of discrete and closed units. Those declarative units are successive states of the problem. We substitute equations for explicit sets of propositions. We can implement a set of answers and a set of decision rules for each one. The resulting program looks like a complex database and not like a mathematical procedure, and we may consider the problem-solving mechanism as a sequential search in a preexisting problem space, using a finite number of particular decision rules. Some interesting work has been done in mathematical representation of archaeological theories, but such approaches have not been very successful, maybe because social sciences cannot be exclusively represented by mathematical models, or because archaeologists are incapable to communicate between themselves using mathematical expressions. As a consequence, archaeologists tend to express their theories by means of linguistic sentences, which is inadequate, given the fact that natural language obstructs objectivity. A representation in terms of logical propositions appears then as the best representation tool available to build social theories. Artificial Intelligence scientists are now exploring this possibility. In this paper I propose an analogy between the structure of archaeological (and social sciences) theories and the mechanism of Turing Machines: given some empirical data (observation of the archaeological record) and a knowledge-base (constituted by high-level concepts and their middle-range correlates), we have to explain the particular case (the archaeological record) by means of the knowledge-base (the theory). The logical mechanism is modus ponens. pp. 61-80 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:37 1993-01-01 Sériations et traitements de données archéologiques avec le logiciel Microsoft Excel sur Macintosh (ou compatible IBM) Ruby, P. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds The article describes the transformation of a number of procedures for archaeological data processing into Excel (Macintosh and MS Dos versions) macro-programming language. Automatic seriation is dealt with first. The general principles of the two best known algorithms - the reciprocal averaging method and P. Ihm’s correspondence analysis - are discussed. The Excel programme text is then presented and commented. After detailed analysis of the comparative merits of the two algorithms, a number of general remarks of a methodological nature are made about problems posed by seriation and particularly by automatic seriation techniques. The article then turns to the construction of incidence (presence/absence) tables and co-occurrence matrices. Here again, general principles are discussed before presentation of the programme text and comments on the macro. The last macro presented carries out replacements of cell contents. The conclusion contains some general methodological remarks about Excel and the writing of macro-programmes in Excel’s macro-programming language. pp. 81-111 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:63 1993-01-01 Caratterizzazione di gruppi di reperti fittili della laguna di Venezia mediante analisi discriminante applicata ai dati chimici Cavazzoni, S. Lazzarini, L. Taroni, G. Statistics Archaeometry Multivariate discriminant analyses were applied to the chemical composition data of four groups of fictile archaeological findings from the lagoon of Venice. Three groups are constituted of ceramic fragments of different manufacture, local and imported Byzantine originating from different epochs, from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The fourth group is formed of special Middle Age bricks (“altinelle”). Our aim was to first find the chemical characteristic of each group and, on this basis, to classify other unidentified findings. After having verified the structure of the four groups by means of PCA analysis, three discriminant canonical variates were determined: the relative weights of the original variables represent their discriminant power. The groups were also analysed in pairs and their relative discriminating variables were found. Discriminant function on the basis of the three new variates were calculated for each of the four groups and used for their verification. Finally a quadratic PCA analysis was applied to the first two variates of each group allowing, by means of recognition of their geometric form, to also identify non-linear relationships. pp. 113-125 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:61 1993-01-01 Anfore spagnole nel Veneto. Progetto di ricerca e primi prodotti Modrzewska, I. Oddone, M. Pianetti, F. Taroni, G. Statistics Archaeometry During the last few years we have witnessed the development of research on trade amphorae, in particular with the help of archaeometric techniques and quantitative processing of analytical data. In this context we can quote the research project carried out by the authors, which focuses on the amphorae of Spanish origin found in Venetia. The study is articulated in two main parts: the first one concerns morphometric analysis of the amphorae by means of their photogrammetric restitution and the comparison between the diverse forms using geometric indexes calculated on the coordinates of the points measured on outline of the vase. The second one concerns the characterisation of the amphorae by means of the chemical-mineralogical analysis of the paste, with the aim of reconstructing their exact provenance. The historical-archaeological purpose of the project, the first results of which concern the amphorae from the Tomba di Giulietta in Verona, is the assessment of trade exchanges between Venetia and Betica. pp. 127-135 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:159 1993-01-01 Un esperimento di visualizzazione scientifica per l'archeologia del paesaggio: la navigazione nel paesaggio virtuale Forte, M. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration Computer simulation of natural phenomena is one of the most attractive and modern subjects for image synthesis. Simulation is the result of many processes, computed with mathematical models, which can be visually represented on a graphic screen. The synthetic image of the model generated can then be compared with other available information, and thus the image becomes an instrument for furthering knowledge. Two problems exist in the visual simulation of natural environments and 3D navigation. The first one is the construction of a reliable and detailed Digital Elevation Model (DEM or Digital Terrain Model, DTM); the second one, closely tied to ambient simulation, is terrain rendering, that is, the reproduction of the colour vision in the observer. DTM’s can be generated from isoliner or regular point data, using classical models (linear interpolation and Kriging) or fractal models (Brownian interpolation). In this example the aim is to create a landscape model (including archaeological sites) using a DTM and satellite or aerial images; these applications involve the following steps: acquisition of isolines from cartographic maps at any reasonable scale; DTM generation; digital image classification to determinate the pixel distribution map for the DTM; image synchronization (digital aerial photographs or satellite images synchronized with the DTM); texture mapping and generation of 3D images. In practical terms, the texture mapping involves the overlaying of the original image point by point on the DTM: the result is a realistic and significant landscape 3D image. This kind of simulation is especially useful to enhance the geomorphological characteristics of the landscape in connection with its evolution and the ancient settlement. Inside the image the researcher can move, navigate and explore, as in the real world. The example described concerns the Etruscan town of Marzabotto in the Reno Valley (Bologna). A realistic and representative 3D image was achieved which includes important topographical and geomorphological information about the archaeological site and the Reno Valley, the natural resources, and the correlation between the Reno river and the Etruscan town. A digital vertical aerial photography was overlayed on the DTM of this area, generated from cartographic isolines and contour lines. The processing consists of different steps: the first one is the digitisation of the aerial photograph (scale 1:30.000), in order to create a numeric input for part of the Valley of Reno, including the archaeological area and the DEM model with a topographical sample. The aerial photograph was digitised using a CCD camera and converted into a numeric format in raster file (RGB 24 bit plane, resolution 595 x 394 pixels). It was aligned with the DEM model using a regular grid with a resolution similar to the one of the digital image. Special hardware (SGI workstation) was used for the final rendering; the polygon rendering did not follow the usual texture mapping technique, but instead a geometric texturing was produced (one polygon per pixel). This technique allows a lower sampling noise (antialiasing) without heavy software interpolation. In this way the only problem is related to the dependence on the graphic library GL which is implemented either on a Silicon Graphics or RISC 6000 IBM platform. pp. 137-152 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n4_tavI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n4_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n4_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:86 1993-01-01 Carta Archeologica d'Italia: tradizione e innovazione Azzena, G. Sommella, P. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Between 1989 and 1992, studies and experiments on automatic systems for the acquisition, calculation and management of archaeological data relating to the Carta Archeologica d’Italia (Forma Italiae) were carried out. The different phases of application confirmed the methodological assumptions originally outlined in the first issue of this journal: from the use of a GPS system to locate the archaeological survey station, to the exploitation of particular functions of commercial geodetic software, and to the strengthening of the value of an approach whose “natural” end consists in creating a Geographic Information System for archaeology. pp. 153-158 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:138 1993-01-01 Un sistema integrato per la gestione della cartografia e dei dati di scavo D'Andria, F. Semeraro, G. Database Cultural Resource Management This paper illustrates the computing section of a Strategic Project for the development of research methods applied to the study and safeguard of the archaeological heritage of southern Adriatic Italy. The project was launched by the Italian National Research Council and the University of Lecce. The computing section has as its objective the creation of a system for the management of data pertaining to antique settlements that guarantees the integration of three information supports: alphanumeric, cartographic and photographic. These supports contain data deriving from two interacting research systems: field survey and excavation. The cartographic data is varied: large scale maps, area and site plans, detailed plans of single monuments, stratigraphic sections and feature and layer plans. Software used consists of a relational database and a specific digitised mapping system. The system permits the acquisition of raster images. A global user-friendly interface which permits maximum navigation is in the process of completion. We foresee the principal field of application being the analysis of spatial distributions of artefacts and ecofacts as a basis for synchronic and diachronic cultural analysis. pp. 159-180 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n4_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n4_tavV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:36 1993-01-01 Le rotte commerciali dei vasi attici dal VI al IV sec. a.C. Analisi quantitativa e qualitativa Giudice, F. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds Quantitative studies of Attic figured pottery have interested many scholars as the existing vases represent only a modest percentage of the whole Athenian production, and their number is liable to change after any new excavation. Traditional systems of analysis confuse the pattern of ancient trade: near to the peaks of single cities, we have a total absence of data from areas that we would believe to be centres of a lively trade. The research conducted by the Institute of Archaeology of Catania University attempts to highlight the “commercial context” of the distribution of Attic pottery; data processing is based on a file divided in 13 areas and 47 sub-areas. The file follows the possible routes from East to West. The appendix describes the file of the Painter of Paris Gigantomachy, based on the vases assigned to him by J.D. Beazley. The painter’s production is analysed through three points of view: number and provenience of vases; provenience of shapes; provenience of subjects. pp. 181-196 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:179 1993-01-01 Archeologia, discipline umanistiche, modelli aziendali Cerizza, A. Pagliani, M.L. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education The first part of the article deals with the problem of the relationship between the business world and the world of learning. In particular the author confirms the fundamental role of humanistic disciplines in the contemporary world and the necessity of the business world to recover their formative power. The second part of the article underlines archaeological trends as a “discipline” that can question the business world. The examination of computerised research undertaken up till now in the archaeological field of study shows a double purpose: the progress of scientific knowledge and the safeguard of cultural heritage. Among recent developments, the increase in the sectors devoted to didactics and the diffusion of knowledge are underlined. pp. 197-202 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:518 1993-01-01 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DATA AND IMAGE PROCESSING IN CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY (Ravello, 3-4 April 1992) Boardman, J. Kurtz, D. 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:180 1993-01-01 Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology. An Introduction Kurtz, D. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education pp. 217-218 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:181 1993-01-01 La base JUPITER du Musée du Louvre Hamiaux, M. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 219-220 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text FR Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:182 1993-01-01 Base de données JUPITER du Département des Antiquités grecques, étrusques et romaines du Musée du Louvre: les applications à la céramique grecque Denoyelle, M. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 221-229 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text FR Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:183 1993-01-01 L'informatisation des archives de l'Ecole Française d'Athènes Christofi, K. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 231-234 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text FR Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:184 1993-01-01 Documentation of the restoration project for the Acropolis monuments. Creation of a data bank Mallouchou-Tufano, F. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 235-236 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:185 1993-01-01 The Census of antique works of art and architecture known to the Renaissance Nesselrath, A. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 237-241 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:186 1993-01-01 Antiquities known to Winckelmann Kunze, M. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 243-244 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:188 1993-01-01 DYABOLA - Der kurze und konsequente Weg von einer Literaturdatenbank zur Objektdatenbank Brinkmann, V. Biering, R. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 245-249 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text DE Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:187 1993-01-01 LIMC Boardman, J. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education pp. 251-252 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:189 1993-01-01 Le vidéodisque "Parthénon". Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités grecques, étrusques et romaines Descamps, S. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education pp. 253-255 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text FR Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:190 1993-01-01 The Sacred Way Project. Multimedia education in classical culture, art and archaeology Dallas, C. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education pp. 257-258 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:191 1993-01-01 PERSEUS I.O. Interactive sources and studies on ancient Greece Cahill, N. Smith, N. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education pp. 259-262 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:192 1993-01-01 The Beazley Archive Database Kurtz, D. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 263-264 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:193 1993-01-01 Base de données et banque d'images: l'exemple de la photothèque archéologique du Centre Camille Jullian (Aix-en-Provence) Gaggadis-Robin, V. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 265-268 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text FR Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:194 1993-01-01 Observations on the development of art information standards in North America and Europe Fink, E.E. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 269-279 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:195 1993-01-01 Ouvrir à un large public l'accès à une information spécialisée Guimier-Sorbets, A.-M. Database Data dissemination and education pp. 281-286 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text FR Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:196 1993-01-01 The Future of the classical archaeologist Hünnekens, L. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education pp. 287-291 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:197 1993-01-01 Information technology in museums Moffett, J. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education pp. 293-302 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:198 1993-01-01 CITED. Copyright in Transmitted Electronic Documents Delouis, D. Puterflam, D. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education pp. 303-305 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:62 1993-01-01 Image acquisition and image analysis of archaeological fragments Stanke, G. Computer Graphics IP CAD Archaeometry pp. 307-314 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text ENG Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:139 1993-01-01 Applicazioni informatiche nel campo dei Beni Culturali: le esperienze della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa Parra, M.C. Database Cultural Resource Management pp. 315-321 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text IT Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:140 1993-01-01 La catalogazione automatizzata del patrimonio archeologico nazionale in Italia Papaldo, S. Ruggeri, M. Database Cultural Resource Management pp. 323-327 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text IT Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:199 1993-01-01 "Archeologia e Calcolatori". A new italian journal in the field of archaeology and computer science Moscati, P. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education pp. 329-335 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Boardman J., Kurtz D. text IT Boardman J., Kurtz D. (eds.), International Conference on Data and Image Processing in Classical Archaeology - Ravello 3-4 aprile 1992 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:531 1993-01-01 *** 1993-01-01 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:204 1993-01-01 "Archeologia e Calcolatori". Incontro di studio sui metodi e le prospettive della ricerca Moscati, P. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education pp. 341-345 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:205 1993-01-01 Giornata di Studi "Archeometria della ceramica. Problemi metodologici", Rimini, 12 novembre 1992 Guermandi, M.P. History of applications and research projects Archaeometry Review article. pp. 347-351 1993-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IV - 1993 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:10 1994-01-01 Choice, representation and structuring of archaeological information: A current problem Moscati, P. Data encoding and metadata Theoretical and methodological problems Introduction to the Special Issue. pp. 9-21 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:67 1994-01-01 Principal component analysis in archaeometry Baxter, M.J. Statistics Archaeometry Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used multivariate method in archaeology, and is particularly prevalent in archaeometric applications. The paper reviews the use of the methodology in archaeometry, including the choice of data transformation and standardisation. The related methods of factor analysis and correspondence analysis are also briefly considered. Two detailed examples illustrate some of the methods discussed, including uncommon approaches such as the use of ranked data. pp. 23-38. 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:66 1994-01-01 Una esperienza e una proposta per lo studio delle anfore: il caso della tomba di Giulietta (Verona) Modrzewska, I. Oddone, M. Pianetti, F. Statistics Archaeometry Results of the archaeometric study of Spanish amphoras in Veneto are presented. For this purpose 26 amphoras from the Tomba di Giulietta in Verona were chosen (types close to Dr 7 and Dr 8). The scope of the analytical study was to determine similarities between clays and thus between the amphoras themselves. To conduct petrographic analysis, groups were set-up of Spanish amphoras of both types without determining relationships between various forms and clay bodies. North Italic amphoras were also considered for comparison. The most useful methods of statistical analysis of data of diffractometric analysis are “ipercubo” and Discriminant Analysis. Fuzzy and mixture methods were also used. Applying these methods, samples were compared in order to form groups of similar samples. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was carried out to determine trace elements and the results were processed with Discriminant Analysis. These results enabled us to make clear distinctions between various groups. Studies of these amphora forms are now under way. pp. 39-51 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:40 1994-01-01 The Bayesian approach to archaeological data analysis: An application of change-point analysis to prehistoric domes Laxton, R.R. Cavanagh, W.G. Litton, C.D. Buck, C.E. Blair, R.D. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds In recent years, archaeologists have become increasingly aware of the added interpretability that can be gained if they adopt a model-based approach to their statistical analyses. In this paper we encourage the use of just such an approach for the investigation of dimensional data from the Sardinian corbelled structures known as Nuraghi. We highlight the fact that the experts who surveyed these domes have gained extra information (other than the basic structural measurements) which is not usually included in statistical investigations in any formal manner. Here we advocate the adoption of the Bayesian statistical framework within which the model, the data and the expert knowledge can be combined in a consistent manner and thus all permitted to influence our final inferences. By using examples we are able to demonstrate that, for at least some of the domes surveyed, the inclusion of the expert knowledge has a marked effect on the result obtained. pp. 53-68 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:39 1994-01-01 Nécropoles de Sicile: étude de l'utilisation des espaces funéraires dans le temps (du IXe au Ie s. av. J.C.) Iacovella, A. Auda, Y. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds The aim of the study is to observe space and time variations in the occupation of Sicilian funerary settlements from the 9th to the 1st century BC The data have been extracted from a complete examination of archaeological reports. They define geographical and archaeological characteristics of 240 settlements. From archaeological to statistical data there is an alteration of variable status which represents a new field for archaeologists. The matrix summarises the settlements’ occupation in 50 year periods by presence-absence; this gave rise to a Correspondence Analysis. The time of occupation has been preferred to a relative chronology based on cultural facies. One additional variable distinguishes the cemeteries where the graves with several burials dominate over those having individual burials. The results of the analysis prove that the space and time variations in the two types of funerary settlements described oddly follow the outline of historical events in relation to autochthonous and colonial spheres. In particular it shows the alterations of autochthonous funerary customs owing to more archaic cemeteries which were to be reused later on. In the historical sphere, the analysis leads us to question the acculturation phenomena. What was happening in Sicily towards the beginnings of 5th BC? Did autochthonous funerary customs disappear because of the adoption of Greek culture, or is it getting more difficult to establish a difference from the ancient colonial culture? pp. 69-86 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text FR Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:42 1994-01-01 Un gruppo di urne etrusche di produzione volterrana: prospettive di analisi quantitativa Moscati, P. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds pp. 87-110 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:41 1994-01-01 Il trattamento dei dati iconografici nell'ambito della ceramica attica e l'esempio del progetto Spina Guermandi, M.P. Mignani, S. Montanari, A. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds The article presents problems connected to the management of iconographic data using computer science tools. In particular, the authors discuss especially the computerised management of Athenian figure-decorated pottery which represents perhaps the most relevant set of iconographic patterns in classical antiquity. Up to now this pottery has been investigated by means of quantitative analyses to study in particular the mechanics of ancient trade in the Mediterranean basin because Athenian vases, from 6th to 4th century BC were widely exported all around this area. The computerisation of iconographic information, however, presents many difficulties: in fact archaeologists tend to express iconic information by means of linguistic sentences which are often inadequate; moreover there are still many problems about the correct interpretation of representations on attic pottery. On this subject, the authors illustrate a project on Athenian decorated pottery found at Spina, the Etruscan “emporion” of the Upper Adriatic, where the most impressive collection of Athenian decorated vases of the 5th century BC was discovered. A database has been created which collects data on 2132 clay decorated vases made in Athens: iconographic information is represented both with a description in natural language and by means of terms of a thesaurus conceived for this purpose. The database has also been explored through statistical analyses, such as Correspondence Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling, to find significative interrelationships between shapes and subjects, to identify associations between the different subjects represented on the same vase and to stress changes, as time passed, with regard to shapes and subjects. pp. 111-140 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:235 1994-01-01 La strutturazione dei dati epigrafici Donati Giacomini, P. Computer Graphics IP CAD Epigraphy and numismatics Commencing with a review of the application of information processing to epigraphy, the use of image analysis and pattern recognition for the identification of epigraphic workshops is proposed. The project consists of the following steps: a) the collection of coeval documents from one and the same region (e.g., an ancient community); b) the extrapolation of single characters to be superimposed on the same texts in order to proceed to a statistical analysis of variations; c) the development of an “average” pattern; d) the superimposition (manual or automatic) of the pattern within the single texts, so as to ascribe them to the different workshops. An application of the method by the Centre for Textual Studies, Oxford, is described. The application allows rapid access to the PHI CD-ROM, developed and distributed by the Packard Humanities Institute, Los Altos, California. pp. 141-146 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:236 1994-01-01 Il progetto Giunone Bonincontro, I. Database Epigraphy and numismatics The “Giunone” project concerns the implementation of a numismatical database, designed to become a valid tool for researchers in the field of numismatics and coin collection history. The database was built in conformity with the entity-relationship model and is used in this phase under a Unix System. The task of data entry can be carried out by different people using a programme that works on IBM computers pp. 147-157 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:200 1994-01-01 Archaeological information and computers: Changing needs, changing technology and changing priorities in a museum environment Moffett, J. Database Data dissemination and education This paper begins with four propositions: there are four basic types of information: data (or more precisely numbers), text (i.e. single words, sentences and longer compositions), images (still and moving), and sound; that computer technology has now advanced sufficiently in power to capture, store, manipulate and retrieve all the types of data listed in the first proposition; that archaeological information is composed of all five types of information outlined in the first proposition; and that since archaeology also has vast quantities of this information it needs computer technology in order to handle it successfully. Given these propositions, this paper describes the purpose of the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology and defines three separate roles that result. The historical development of IT applications since the late 1970s is traced, highlighting the mistakes made and the lessons learnt. This culminates in a description of the Ashmolean’s Collections Information System, in particular outlining the structure of the Collections Information Database that underpins the system. The plans for implementing this system are also described. The paper ends by looking at the problems of fully realising this system, and concludes that the plans are really a means of deliberately staying several steps behind the full potential of the technology while still moving forward, so that the Museum can wait for the eventual arrival of software that can provide a seamless transition between various tasks, with a minimum of effort. pp. 159-174 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:317 1994-01-01 New fusions: archaeological information in the relational database Hinge, P. Database Survey and excavations The potential of the relational database management system (RDBMS) as a means of integrating disparate archaeological data sets is explored, using data recovered from the stratigraphically complex environment of excavations within the city of London. Means of checking and modelling the single context stratigraphies from such sites within the RDBMS are considered, followed by descriptions of techniques developed to allow integration of that model with dating information in order to aid identification of residual and intrusive material. Relational databases are seen to be a realistically accessible technology for archaeological bodies, and are of especial relevance to those working in the increasingly competitive commercial environment of developer funded rescue excavation, as is now common in London and England in general. They offer a means of aiding interpretation through both automating some of the repetitive tasks of site analysis and more importantly by allowing the wider patterns extending across previously discrete data sets to be sought. pp. 175-201 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:141 1994-01-01 Concordance in rural and urban database structure: The York experience Chartrand, J. Miller, P. Database Cultural Resource Management Computerised databases form an integral part of much archaeological work around the world, but few of these systems are designed with expansion or compatibility as a prerequisite. This paper investigates the problems of integrating data from a variety of sources, both urban and rural, and then discusses in detail the modular database solution adopted by two archaeological projects at the University of York. The discussed solution enables the integration of data collected from different sources, and at very different scales from the single record per site to the recording of every feature or artefact in more detailed databases. To conclude, the paper touches upon future developments in the field, and their potential impact upon the way in which we store and view archaeological data. pp. 203-217 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:142 1994-01-01 Multimedia information systems for East African archaeology Rahtz, S. Sinclair, P. Database Cultural Resource Management Archaeology is starting to face the challenges of electronic publication posed by advances in information technology; we are now able to offer almost all types of archaeological data in a single software environment, and have the opportunity to integrate hitherto discrete results. This paper describes the use of the University of Southampton’s ‘Microcosm’ open hypermedia system in an archaeological context. Microcosm is a set of programs running under Microsoft Windows which can support a variety of archaeological data, including databases, digitised site plans and survey data, synthetic text, and GIS images. The example uses the data generated by the Urban Origins in East Africa project, a Swedish-funded initiative to bring together archaeologists from ten East African countries and look at a regional problem. We suggest how the integration provided by multimedia can not only be a vital part of research work, but also be used in publicity, and provide the structure of a genuine regional resource. pp. 219-236 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:87 1994-01-01 Advancing in archaeological recording and interpretation: The ArchéoDATA groups and entities Arroyo-Bishop, D. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The author illustrates the structuring that was carried out for the development of the ArchéoDATA project with the aim of forming a basis for a more general Archaeological Information System. The conception of this project was undertaken from an archaeological perspective; the subsequent use of computers, and in particular the possibilities offered by GIS, enabled the enhancement of the system. The problems of basic information are also discussed, with an attempt to overcome the traditional concepts of site, finds and features by replacing them with the more general concepts of spatial and temporal entities and interpretative grouping. pp. 237-255 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:88 1994-01-01 GIS and historical archaeology. The case of the island of Hvar in Croatia Gaffney, V. Stancic, Z. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The authors illustrate the application of a GIS technology within the field of historical archaeology. They discuss a GIS pilot study of the Adriatic island of Hvar in Croatia, using the Geographical Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS), a Unix based software. Basic data was obtained through a survey of all the archaeological monuments on the island. In contrast to Greek literary sources, the GIS application gives a different perspective of the historical Greek colonisation of the island of Hvar (385/4 BC). In fact, after founding Pharos, there is no evidence of permanent Greek settlements extending beyond the plane, so the life of native communities would have continued unchanged. pp. 257-267 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:89 1994-01-01 Topografia di Roma antica: ipotesi per una sistematizzazione dei dati a valenza topografica Azzena, G. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations This paper is a synthesis of an experimental study on ancient topography and town-planning in a historical quarter of Rome, Trastevere. The focus is on methodological aspects, and in particular on computerized applications. Thy have been used, at first, to speed up the input and the management of data, but the results deeply influenced the methods and the logical course of the research itself. The study can therefore be considered also as a proposal for a modular application to other urban contexts. Traditional sources of information were taken into account, as in any study on ancient topography, including the archaeological map (concerning both visible and bibliographically documented elements) drawn on the basis of present-day cartography, literary and archival sources and historical cartography (from Forma Urbis Severiana to Catasto Pio-Gregoriano). In addition to the study of some important methodological consequences of this approach, the results are outlined of having applied computerised procedures of cartographical transformation, not previously adopted in any archaeological framework. pp. 269-292. 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavVII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:65 1994-01-01 MATH Proyecto arqueofisico del santuario de Gastiburu a la villa romana de Baños de Valdearados Valdés, L. Fernandez, J.C. Reina, J. Muñoz, R. Pujana, I. Computer Graphics IP CAD Geoarchaeology The Geohm System belongs to the geo-electrical family of prospecting devices, and is a system for substratum exploration by electrically scanning along lines of preplanted sensors. The system generates a horizontal section of the values of resistivity in archaeological sites. The Geohm is an uncomplicated system comprising of a portable computer, an analogical-digital conversion device, a multi relay switcher (software controlled), a solid state current converter (also software controlled), and a lot of moving sensors inserted in the ground. The measured groups of returned signals are processed by complex algorithms before the data is validated: this technique makes it possible to obtain more reliable measurements and allows the user to reprogram the device. The speed of the system allows the user to survey a large area using several electrical devices. pp. 293-304 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ES Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavIX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:64 1994-01-01 Tecniche digitali e di visualizzazione in geoarcheologia: il caso di studio della terramara S. Rosa di Poviglio (Re) Cremaschi, M. Ferretti, A. Forte, M. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Geoarchaeology S. Rosa terramara, which measures 7 hectares, is a Middle and Recent Bronze age site, excavated since 1984. Cooperation between archaeologists and geologists has made it possible to experiment with the comparative analysis of computer image processing of the aerial photos, integrated with the detailed study of a DTM (Digital Terrain Model), in particular in relation to the geopedological and geoarchaeological interpretation of the site. The integration of two kinds of data, aerial photographs and a DTM, has been complemented by the texture mapping of the aerial photo overlaid on the corresponding 3D model. Significant ranges in the pixel distribution in the digital aerial image identified four main areas; any area presents particular digital features. For example, the digital features of the small village are very different from the characteristics of the large and more recent village. The digital classification of these areas identified the following: area 1, alluvial sediment (posthumous) which hides part of the earthwork; area 2, the nucleus of the small village; area 3, the diking of the big village; area 4, a Roman villa (another posthumous event). The final interpretation, after processing, distinctly shows the formation of natural (vertisoils) and artificial deposits (earthworks). In particular in the north-western area of the aerial photograph the interruption of the diking means that in that point the structures are buried because of a flood. Moreover, it results that the two villages are separated by a large ditch. On the basis of these results it has been possible to reconstruct the evolution of the site and of the environment in different periods: 1) the site before the Bronze age; 2) the terramara in the Middle Bronze age; 3) the terramara in the Recent Bronze age; 4) the site in Roman age; 5) the site in Medieval age. The computer processing, integrated with the aerial photo-interpretation, shows an important series of data not obtainable through traditional techniques. The construction of the DTM, the texture mapping and the digital image processing have clearly enhanced the shape of the structures of the terramara as well as the stratigraphical excavations. This also resolves the problems which emerged in the aerial photo interpretation. In particular, the interruption of the earthwork of the big village in the northern area seems connected with the burial of part of the anthropic structures, after the abandonment of the terramara. In conclusion, the computer image processing, together with the DTM and the texture mapping of the site, is an exportable tool, useful for an evaluation of the state of preservation of the Bronze age deposits in the Po valley. These results were obtained without excavation, using only simple stratigraphical surveys on the ground. pp. 305-316 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavXI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavXII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavXIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavXIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:160 1994-01-01 Il ceramigrafo: un sistema integrato per il disegno della ceramica al calcolatore Cattani, M. Forte, M. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration Ceramigraph is an electronic and mechanical system designed to draw pottery through automatic processing and therefore excluding the problems of manual drawing. The system, particularly suitable for large quantities of pieces, is composed of a high precision 3D pantograph, connected with a Personal Computer and a digital tablet. The main features of the drawings are the following: digital; vectorial; processed by software; classifiable (on the basis, for example, of the Freeman code); printable on normal or glossy paper at any scale; recordable on databases, CD rom, syquest, floppy disks, and so on (the size of vector files is very small; for example on a 1.44 floppy disk, 100 drawings can be recorded). The classification and the representation of the graphical information processed in this way are fundamental for the typological and typometric interpretations. pp. 317-332 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavXV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n5_tavXVI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:316 1994-01-01 La répresentation d’un raisonnement en archéologie. Un exemple: analyse logiciste et système expert Lagrange, M.-S. de Conceiçao Rodrigues, M. Data encoding and metadata Theoretical and methodological problems The authors show here, through an example, how the reasoning procedures in an archaeological construct can be analysed, represented, critically evaluated, and possibly transcribed so as to be used again as part of an expert system. The monograph which has been analysed is an extract from a study on the prehistorical origins of the myth of Classical Greek Demeter. The reasoning steps of the author are first extracted and rewritten in the form of chains of inferences, according to J.-C. Gardin’s logicist approach. These components are then transcribed in terms of a fact base and a rule base according to the SNARK system. The SNARK knowledge base, as well as the results of the computing, are presented as tools for a better understanding of reasoning in the humanities. pp. 333-353 1994-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text FR Moscati P. (ed.), Choice, Representation and Structuring of Archaeological Information Archeologia e Calcolatori n. V - 1994 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:43 1995-01-01 Metodi di codifica e analisi per lo studio di immagini strutturate: un'applicazione ai sigilli cilindrici del periodo di Uruk/Jemdet Nasr Rova, E. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds A corpus of 963 images belonging to Near-Eastern seals of the Uruk/Jamdet Nasr period (late fourth Millennium BC) was analysed and classified through multivariate analysis techniques, applied on both presence/absence of iconographical elements and a text describing each image. Methods and results are discussed and compared. The presence/absence analysis is the most effective in dividing the corpus into different groups of images (scenes with common animals, “special” animals such as hybrids, war, religious, complex handicraft and schematic handicraft scenes). The results of textual analysis are similar in many respects, though here common features between different groups of seals are underscored. Textual analysis also seems a promising approach for the study of syntactical patterning of the seal images. The study of repeated segments (i.e. fixed sequences of lexical forms occurring in different texts) proved the existence of fixed sun-patterns, consisting of two or more elements and attitudes, which occur in images belonging both to the same group of seals and to different ones. Fixed sun-patterns tend, however, to occur more frequently on images characterized by a simple and repetitive structure, whereas they are only rarely used in the most complex seals. Finally, results of both analyses effectively proved that the iconography of the seals is related to their origin and function. Religious scenes and representations of hybrids, snakes, birds and lions generally occur on seals or sealings found in temple contexts, often on sealings fastening movable containers or storeroom doors; war scenes are apparently found only in urban centres. Complex handicraft scenes tend to be found in storeroom or in domestic contexts, often on “clay balls” (sort of primitive administrative documents). Finally, schematic images generally occur in domestic, non-official context. Schematic seals were apparently rarely used for sealing; most of their images derive from original seals and not from impressions. On the other hand, religious scenes seem especially typical of southern Mesopotamia, complex handicraft scenes of Iran and Syria, whereas identical schematic seals are found in all geographical areas. Further developments of the methods tested on the seal corpus (firstly through a deeper interaction with repeated segments analysis; secondly through development of methods for the analysis of the general image composition and finally through an integrated approach considering all aspects together) may lead to interesting results for the study not only of the seals themselves, but in general of structured images of different kinds. pp. 7-34 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:90 1995-01-01 Impiego integrato di metodi statistico-spaziali e tecniche informatiche nell'analisi di aree di interesse storico-archeologico Espa, G. Espa, S. Gabrielli, R. Pifferi, A. Ricci, U. Statistics Survey and excavations Recently, an interesting debate has developed in the context of historic archaeological disciplines concerning the employment of typical technical scientific methodologies and instruments utilized in research. The aim of this article is to contribute to this debate by showing how it is possible to conjointly utilize information technology techniques and statistical methods in archaeological research for both descriptive and interpretative purposes. The objective was successfully achieved by integrating several common spatial-statistical methods (Ripley's K-function) with the potential offered by GIS. In fact, the collection of files and graphical data representation was followed up by statistical data processing which, with the identification of several important parameters, has enabled GIS files to be improved with further information for subsequent processing. pp. 35-60 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:91 1995-01-01 Sistemi informativi territoriali e prospezioni archeologiche: una convergenza necessaria Cucarzi, M. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The Geographic Information System ODYSSEUS presented here is a database, set up according to the procedures established by the Ministero dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali, and extended through an additional information system relevant to archaeological and geophysical prospection, core drilling and surface collection. The database is organised for information retrieval (Highway) whereby any data may be found by name rather than graphical identificatio. The drawing of maps is undertaken in vector (DWG) format, the most commonly used in archaeology. In essence, the system is designed to receive images and link them to the appropriate database tables. It allows the visualisation and management of a DWG file, and the overlay at the same scale on other raster images (e.g. aerial photos), thereby producing a vector drawing of all the data highlighted on the raster maps. For all database “objects”, a series of mathematical algorithms automatically construct thematic maps. Geo-archaeological exploration of the data inserted in the database - geophysical prospections, core drillings, surface distribution of ceramic fragments, etc. - increases the number of parameter classes important in determining the characteristics for settlement-location models. This article provides a brief overview of the ODYSSEUS system, and two examples of its application: Oppido Mamertina, in the Calabria region of Italy, and the “Microregion”, a large area under protection in eastern Hungary. pp. 61-73 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n6_tavI_a_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:161 1995-01-01 La modellazione tridimensionale del documento archeologico: livelli descrittivi e processamento digitale Gottarelli, A. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration In describing graphics description with electronic tools, solid modelling is the application in which several techniques (2 and 3 dimensional CAD, image processing, animation) act together. Solid modelling is therefore a very important topic, both from methodological and practical aspects. This paper deals with the process of generating a digital model, and discusses the following statements: A. The analysis of archaeological evidence is based on the description of a real (and therefore continuous) and complex space through the identification and coding of its components; this activity is then undertaken through a modelling process. The models used for the analysis must have at least the basic requirements for the electronic description of the objects: a quantitative requirement – to be able to describe numerically and analytically the objects in space (vector data); a qualitative requirement – to able to describe their physical/optical features (visual/raster data); a synthesis requirement – to be able to consider the codes and the rules of union of the components (text and topological data). B. The data collected have to be acquired, worked out and edited coherently with the need of their subsequent use within the software devoted to the virtual elaboration of the shape (i.e. the sample rate must be the same during the acquisition of visual and numerical data ). C. The electronic reassembly of the shape must take into consideration all the different levels used in the coding, in order to have both a topographic and topological description of the object. pp. 75-103 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n6_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n6_tavIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n6_tavI_a_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:162 1995-01-01 Tra archeologia e realtà virtuale: verso l'archeologia virtuale Sarti, A. Forte, M. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration The research activity developed at the Scientific Visualization Laboratory of CINECA (Interuniversity Computing Center, Bologna, Italy), concerning the virtual navigation of archaeological landscapes, has produced important results in archaeological data visualization. We have implemented the application of virtual reality in the archaeological field relating to archaeological landscape exploration, archaeological site visualization, and ancient topography reconstruction. The virtual navigation is not full immersion but uses the 3D Crystal Eyes System, an ultrasound tracking system with six degrees of freedom. The system runs on an Indigo SG Extreme workstation. Some of the data was processed prior to visualization using GRASS GIS with a 3D viewer module pp. 105-118 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n6_tavIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:163 1995-01-01 Documentazione grafica assistita da elaboratori. Note operative Buzzanca, G. Giorgi, E. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration This article describes work and experience in the computer documentation of restoration work. The final aim of this project is to develop a new standardized methodology for manipulating data relating to the process of conservation and restoration. The authors are members of an ICCROM/ICR special research group on graphic documentation and a NORMAL Commission sub-group for graphic documentation of mural paintings. The concept of standards is paramount. Standardization, information transfer and communication are stressed, especially in the area of training. Indeed, this approach unifies the description of documentation of restoration treatments performed by professional restorers and trainees from the two partner institutions. In view of the escalating use of computers in the field of conservation, it seems that little has been done to evaluate their impact and appropriate fields of application: the new converts have photographed themselves sitting at the computer keyboard much as our forebears were depicted with a prize buck. The attempt here is to plan for practical use by suggesting a method and specific operating techniques. Our aim is to supply user-friendly procedures (which help run more complex applications) to those who, with good reason, are neither expert in graphics software nor interested in becoming so. The quality of a computer system is not measured by spectacular rainbow effects but by the quantity of information available, its quality and retrievability. The diverse operating environments are defined - the open system and the closed system - analogous to the restoration worksite and the laboratory for chemico-physical analyses. On the one hand is the restoration worksite, the open system, where data are obtained; on the other is the laboratory, or closed system, where one collects and studies the data. What, then, is represented, and how? What is the structure of the information in relation to the model of the information and the model of the object? How should the graphic material be imported into the computer? How can one navigate through the various types of information while protecting the specific nature of each type? Information on hardware is scarce; there is not enough on software; there is a great deal on abstruse theoretical implications. In essence, hardware should allow software to run - no more than that. The principal idea is that the organization of information is the value-added factor produced in the process of registering data in a computer. These notes also describe some attempts at personalizing menus (icons, hatching, etc.) in AutoCAD (and other related software) and multimedia experiments using ToolsBook on a cycle of mural paintings in the Roman Forum. pp. 119-138 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n6_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n6_tavVI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:164 1995-01-01 L'uso dello scanner come tecnica di documentazione dello scavo archeologico Squintani, M.B. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration The use of a scanner in archaeological excavation is a powerful tool for electronic documentation. A precise method to take advantage of this new hardware peripheral has been documented. There are four essential components: a camera, a portable personal computer, one handy-scanner (at least) and good software for image processing (bitmap and vector). The main advantages offered by this collection are that one obtains high metric precision, quick recording times and wide flexibility in data manipulation. A very complex structure (a knapping floor) from the archaeological excavation of Riparo Tagliente (VR), dating to the Epigravettian (late Upper Palaeolithic), was used to conduct the test. Starting with a mosaic of photographic images, it was possible to obtain the morphology of the paleosurface in an electronic format. After the automatic electronic input it is then possible to modify the shapes and qualities (thickness, colour, position . . .) of single objects like flints, bones, stones and so on. It is also possible to enhance the images with the application of filters to optimise contrast, brightness or clarity, to zoom into particular areas or to magnify a single object, and to work on different layers. The output on paper may be the partial or total restitution of the final image, or the print of a single group of objects in different formats and scale drawings. However, the main advantage is that of obtaining documentation during the excavation and building a complete database of alphanumerical, statistical and distribution data and object images. pp. 139-158 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:165 1995-01-01 Mapmaking and computers Price, S. Morris, W. Nixon, L. Moody, J. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration The authors, who have been working since 1987 in Sphakia (Sw Crete), present some practical thoughts about how to use computers to improve the production of archaeological maps for publication. The research project, carried out by a multidisciplinary team of researchers, has foreseen an intensive survey work in the eparchy and the subsequent production of period maps for the final publication and of maps to display details of sherd find spots and other transect data. The computerized recording processing and enhancing of these maps was undertaken using the program SuperPaint 3.0. On the basis of their practical experience, the authors show how computers can help in the topographic and cartographic analysis of information and offer greater flexibility in the final presentation of results. pp. 159-171 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:354 1995-01-01 Computation and representation of stratigraphic sequences in a system for archaeological data Maggiolo-Schettini, A. Seccacini, P. Serratore, C.D. Computer Graphics IP CAD Survey and excavations The purpose of this paper is to describe algorithms for constructing and drawing Harris Matrix. These algorithms are incorporated into a system that reads stratigraphic unit cards, checks consistency of physical relationships, constructs and draws the matrix and allows inspection of information supplied for each unit by navigating on the matrix and pointing to the desired unit. The paper also contains a brief description of this system. pp. 173-187 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:143 1995-01-01 Software engineering applied to the recording system of a classical-age excavation. The creation of B.O.I.R.A. Contreras Rodrigo, F. Database Cultural Resource Management The creation of B.O.I.R.A. was brought about through the consideration of a problem that arises amongst every team of archaeological researchers. This problem is the great amount of information that is produced and gathered as a result of the work being carried on. In order that the information should be efficiently controlled and assimilated, the handling of the various data should be done by means of computer software tools. The aim of this report is not to call attention to the data that has been compiled from examples of recording systems of archaeological research published so far, but rather to make known to researchers a different methodology, such as that of Yourdon and the so-called Chen entity-relation design. This is done by using CASE tools in order to develop software systems which are made to measure and are of a high standard, which have been successfully proved in their implementation and use. By way of example, a system has been designed capable of handling data usually dealt with by an archaeological team. pp. 189-204 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:203 1995-01-01 L'application NiKita, un exemple de gestion interactive de la documentation archéologique bibliographique sur Macintosh Ruby, P. Database Data dissemination and education The author presents the project NiKita (Navigation interactive - Kit pour l'archéologie), established with the aim of creating a tool for the interactive processing of archaeological bibliographical documentation. NiKita is a database of easy and intuitive utilisation, developed for Macintosh using the program Hypercard. The principal characteristics of this program are: availability of an “object oriented” programming language; possibility of organizing data in files or stacks, autonomous but correlated; capacity of processing eterogeneous data and different types of graphical formats; availability of a transparent and intuitive interface. The different stacks contemplate: graphical and textual documents related to sites, contexts and objects; Greek and Latin sources related to archaeological units considered; bibliographical references. At present, the file “Bibal” contains about 4500 titles. pp. 205-224 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:44 1995-01-01 Proposta di applicazione di un approccio object-oriented alla formalizzazione di dati qualitativi Missikoff, O. Simulation AI Classification of archaeological finds Classification represents a central topic in archaeological research. In fact, archaeologists seem to spend a great deal of their time in describing and sorting materials, from surveys and excavations, in groups which should serve various ends. In the history of archaeological classification, briefly outlined in the first part of the paper, there has been an endless debate between the researchers following the traditional /qualitative/subjective approach and the proponente of a “new” (now forty years old) paradigm, founded on the formal/quantitative/objective idiom. With the benefit of hindsight, we now know that none of them is at all satisfactory. In fact the traditional approach, despite the empirical validity, has proven very difficult to be formalized; the quantitative approach on the other hand, though being based on sound scientific principles, has presented serious difficulties in its practical applications. The article describes an attempt to implement an informatic tool able to produce formal analyses based on both qualitative and quantitative variables: an intelligent ObjectOriented system with classificatory purposes. The system, called Mosaico, is thoroughly illustrated in the second part of the article. The description concerns all the components of Mosaico, a language for conceptual modelling called TQL++ (Type and Query Language), and a brief explanation of some terms useful for a better understanding of the matter. A working example on the Fibulae from the Quattro Fontanili cemetery concludes the paper. pp. 225-242 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:201 1995-01-01 La comunicazione multimediale nelle attività scientifiche e divulgative dei beni culturali Ruvo, C. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The use of multimedia to study history and archaeology is the principle of the application created by a Parthenopean IT company, the Ceaprelda srl, with the collaboration of a group of archaeologists coordinated by the author. The fusion between specialist competence and technology has allowed us to create a unique multimedia product, that can claim of being the first on floppy disk with archaeological and artistic emphasis. On the computer video it is possible to navigate the real and exact itinerary through territories, archaeological places, towns of particular historical-artistical interest or in the halls of museums. In every page of text a series of “windows” can be opened showing with monographic index-cards, curiosities and historical information, accompanied by photographs. The software is able to simultaneously process a high amount of information (texts, photos, graphic elements and sound) in an interactive form using the Windows operating system. Through applying a generic level of global authoring, the same project model always appears according to the specific requirements dictated by the contents; to design the program structure the Hypermedia Design Model (HDM) was considered, though this model refers generally to a hypermedia context. The project model has therefore allowed for the creation of a multimedia product, that led to the production of two titles: “Campi Flegrei” and “Napoli Mirabilia”. The structure of the text is based on a series of “entities”, to be considered as wide thematical classifications (e.g. contexts, itineraries, cards), each one formed of “components”, connected to it by contents and pattern. The reading scheme, with textual (descriptive pages) and visual (photos present on each page) information, is structured on the series of applied “links” that consent the admission to the various entities: moreover through an infinite series of logical and detailed paths (web), transversal readings of contents can be obtained. It is also possible “to navigate” in the text with the help of topographic maps. Using the “Print” function the various itineraries can be transformed into a little guide-book, while the “Search” key allows for a specific word search in the text, for a faster and more refined consultation. The series of technological innovations has allowed us to “simulate” the conditions of real visits. Other itineraries have also been created in the same manner. In particular, these are for the Southern Etruria (A. Naso, with an introduction by M. Cristofani) and Paestum (E. Greco and I. D'Ambrosio). This particular method of management and research has been used for purely educational purposes, but the software can be adapted to become an instrument for scientific research. pp. 243-258 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n6_tavVII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n6_tavVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:202 1995-01-01 Beni culturali, scuola e computer Pagliani, M.L. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education Hypertext allows a personalisation of the information, with the possibility of creating multiple manuals with various levels of complexity. Therefore, Hypertext is an excellent didactic tool for education, and indeed schools frequently use hypertext to explain historical and artistical questions about Cultural Heritage. pp. 259-267 1995-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VI - 1995 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:92 1996-01-01 Relating time within the general methodological structure of archaelogical interpretation Arroyo-Bishop, D. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems During the past few years we have presented and published a series of papers on the project ArchéoDATA that we have been developing in the GDR 880 of CNRS, in our quest for a methodological structure for the recording and analysis of archaeological data and the creation of a European Archaeological Information System, designed to formalise and to structure archaeological documents. The three basic components of archaeological recording and analysis are the factors “objects”, “space” and “time”. Through their interaction the archaeologist must attempt to construct an interpretation and argue his thesis. The management of data pertaining to each one of the components of “object”, “space” and “time” should be undertaken with the same elementary structure. Due to the diversity of recording methods, and to inconsistent terminology used to express what in essence are similar things, a definition based on the word “Entity” was chosen and the “Archaeological, Spatial, Temporal, Interpretative and Analytical Entities” were consequently defined. This paper presents in detail new work that has been undertaken on structuring the basic component “time”. pp. 15-26 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:93 1996-01-01 Spatial analyses, field survey, territories and mental maps on the island of Brac Gaffney, V. Oštir, K. Podobnikar, T. Stancic, Z. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations An international team of scholars from Croatia, Canada, Britain and Slovenia is attempting to analyse the human adaptation of nature on the Central Dalmatian islands in Croatia. Archaeological data and various forms of environmental information were integrated into a GIS. This system is an ideal platform for a variety of analytical procedures: the economy of past societies was analysed, territories of larger communities were modelled, trade routes were predicted and the positioning of different sites was observed. In this paper, special emphasis is paid to the GIS application of a sites and monuments database in the analysis of the perception of space using the data from the Bronze Age. pp. 27-41 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:94 1996-01-01 A view from space. Monitoring and management for World Heritage Sites Palumbo, G. Powlesland, D. Remote Sensing Survey and excavations NASA and The Getty Conservation Institute are conducting an experiment in the application of remotely sensed multispectral and radar data for monitoring change at World Heritage Sites. The project is concerned both with the principles of this approach and with current limitations. The latter have clearly demonstrated that automatic monitoring cannot be easily achieved, due to problems of low resolution, lack of repeatability, and cost, but the integration of this remotely sensed data with other data types into a geographic data management system may provide a monitoring management tool that can be used to test the potential of a fully integrated approach to site definition, monitoring, and management. The test case being adopted covers the area of Chaco Culture National Historic Park, in New Mexico, USA, a major Anasazi complex which is registered in the UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Data assembled included a variety of remotely-sensed information, GPS surveys, and the preparation of a baseline GIS, but also historic aerial photographs and excavation data. The resulting data management system, which also includes basic classification conducted on some of the multispectral data available, is an example of a relatively simple system of archaeological data management which could serve the needs of site managers and archaeologists. pp. 43-50 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:95 1996-01-01 Elaborazione ed interpretazione di immagini telerilevate per lo studio sistematico delle testimonianze antropiche nel territorio. I casi di Palmyra e di Selinunte Colosi, F. Pompeo, L. Sangiorgio, D. Zamboni, C. Remote Sensing Survey and excavations Remote sensing, through orbital, airborne or close range images, is, today, the most accurate and suitable methodology to achieve an exhaustive investigation of a defined territory. It can be regarded as a great reservoir of any document left by past human societies, who settled in the studied area, from which it is possible to recover the spatial organisation of the culture produced by those societies. The multispectral images record both the reflected and the emitted energy; the latter is linked to the nature of the soil and, in particular, to standing structures. Through surface investigation, geophysical survey and accurate georeferencing, mainly by GPS receivers, it is possible to build a topographic information system to be integrated with the known information of all the preserved documents about the settlement system within the investigated region. Two case studies are discussed here: the area surrounding Palmyra in Syria and the territory of Selinus in Sicily; both illustrate, through newly discovered evidence, the results of the applied methodology. pp. 51-71 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:96 1996-01-01 Raddrizzamento digitale applicato al rilievo di beni culturali Birocco, C.A. Computer Graphics IP CAD Survey and excavations The present technique of digital image processing follows the concept of analytical rectification, allowing for the elimination of the geometric distortions from the original image and the retrieval of the correct dimensional information. The image can be produced in various ways: most often, sampling is done with a scanner, but recently a new method is becoming more frequently used, that is the acquisition of digital images directly on ground by means of digital cameras with a CCD image sensor. The processing software is now offered by various producers of photogrammetric equipment, which allows us to carry out surveys of manufactured flat items, starting from a single image, to create a vector graphics superimposed in CAD environment pp. 73-77 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:97 1996-01-01 Analisi di siti archeologici inquadrati nel loro contesto territoriale: gli insediamenti protostorici del bacino del fiume Fiora Parmegiani, N. Poscolieri, M. Statistics Survey and excavations Relationships between communities who inhabited the Fiora river basin during the Bronze Age and surrounding landscape have been examined to give more insight into the choice of settlement location, on the basis of landscape analysis methods adopted in environmental studies. By processing Landsat TM and elevation (raster) data and water related (vector) data (all georeferenced to a UTM grid), respectively spectral (the six TM band values), morphometric (elevation, aspect and slope etc.) and hydrological (distance to water from a site etc.) parameters have been derived for about 50 settlements detected in the study area. These parameters have been statistically analysed by separately processing the spectral, morphometric and morpho-hydrological values using a hierarchical cluster analysis method. The spectral data classification has yielded, with two exceptions, two main groups, one characterised by intermediate reflectivity, medium-low vegetation percentage and variable moisture; the other, more defined, with mostly dark and very humid soils, includes also 32% of the Final Bronze settlements. The classification of the morphometric parameters has highlighted elevation as the discriminating variable, obtaining two main clusters: the first includes sites located above 400 m; the second splits into two subclusters, one with sites between 50 and 200 m, the other between 200 and 400 m. Among the subclasses, three exhibit sites belonging to the Final Bronze Age, one includes sites of the Early Bronze Age. Therefore, the classification of the morpho-hydrological parameters shows that both elevation and water distance appear discriminating. The highest values of these two variables characterise a single site, clearly separated after cluster analysis application, which again yielded three subgroups belonging to the Final Bronze Age. pp. 79-89 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:98 1996-01-01 Una nuova metodologia di archiviazione per una migliore gestione del patrimonio archeologico Di Giacomo, F.P. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The procedures followed for the preparation of the thematic layers, describing the finding in an Etruscan site, are presented. The testimonial shows the advantages of using AutoCAD based tools, in order to link the database, containing the description of the objects in the drawing, to the CAD elements. This paper shows how to use the potential of a desktop GIS, based on AutoCAD and DBIV, in a variety of fields: from the preparation of hazard maps, showing the risk zones of fragile archaeological sites, to the preparation of a micro GIS project of fractures and related sections of a painting restoration project. The methodology proposed starts with the preparation of a topographic layer for the archiving of objects found on the site. The use of AutoCAD in conjunction with GDL-Graphic Data Link by Alpha Consult srl of Rome and ADE by AutoDesk is proposed, in order to simplify mapping of archaeological sites and perform relational queries on stored data. The AutoCAD application, called GDL/ARCHEO, is designed to establish and maintain DWG/DXF-DBF LINK, that can be utilized by ArcCAD (ARCINFO Data Structure), MAPINFO and INTERGRAPH. GDL/ARCHEO, a personalization of GDL is used as the data input environment for descriptive data related to AutoCAD featured in the drawing. The program has a library of Etruscan vases that can be further personalized and expanded; the default database can be modified to accommodate personalized projects. GDL/ARCHEO has the ability to create overlays, to assign ID-values to the resulting polygon, to provide network tracing capabilities and establish buffer areas for further studies. The program is an add-on ADE (AutoDesk Data Extension) for large archaeological sites. The paper also describes the GIS functions of overlay, buffer, polygon processing and network tracing to prepare hazard maps showing the risk analysis related to the different sites. pp. 91-102 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:99 1996-01-01 Impiego di un sistema geografico informativo per un confronto modellistico preliminare tra due aree archeologiche sabine De Meo, A. Espa, G. Espa, S. Gabrielli, R. Ricci, U. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The aim of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the historical and archaeological heritage. Archaeological and territorial data have been collected and processed in a GIS in order to provide information on the evolution of the population settlement in a selected area used as a case study. The area investigated was that located between the rivers Nera and Aniene (North-South direction) and between the river Tiber and the Sabine Mountains (East-West direction). It is historically identified as the “Sabina Tiberina” region. This area is characterised by a large number of sequential settlements of different populations beginning in the Iron through to the Medieval period. The GIS developed offers the possibility of describing and interpreting the territorial changes caused by the various populations. One of the main features of the GIS is its easy use for non-expert users (such as teachers, students and decision makers). Examples of different types of maps that can be generated by our GIS are presented. Two examples of composite maps containing different types of information (geographical, historical, geological etc.) are presented to show the possibilities afforded by the system. pp. 103-112 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:100 1996-01-01 Sistema cartografico per il centro antico di Nora Gualandi, M.L. Tascio, M. Pala, G. Bonetto, J. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Due to the recommencing of methodical archaeological excavation on the site of Nora, first Phoenician then Punic and Roman town, situated on the southern coast of Sardinia approximately 30 Km west of Cagliari, it was necessary to establish a cartographic system extended to all the hill on which the settlement standed (the settlement had never been completely mapped). This system had to cover previously surveyed areas and to allow the continuous updating with data resulting from new excavations. With these requirements, a computerised cartographic system was created, which consisted of basic information regarding not only the archaeological remains, but also the modern topography and the morphology of the hill. The aim was to design an operating system practical both for research and for safeguarding the archaeological site and allowing planning of its infrastructure. The project has been carried out in several phases: a) planning of the cartographical base; b) aerial survey of the zone; c) aerophotogrammetric zone; d) implementation of the numerical cartographic system; e) layout of the archives. The aerophotogrammetric information produced numerical files containing 3D data for every mapped point; using this data it was possible to create 3D models whose use is not only for archaeological research but also for aiding in planning for future infrastructural intervention in the archaeological park. pp. 113-128 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavVI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:101 1996-01-01 Unbiasing the archaeological record van Leusen, M. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The Wroxeter Hinterland Project is a three-year regional research project employing GIS technology in the planning, management, research and publication of a study of the Iron Age and Roman landscape around the Roman city of Viroconium (Wroxeter) in Shropshire. The use of GIS technology in projects such as this has again highlighted the problems associated with scientific interpretation of the known archaeological record, built up mainly over the past century. In particular, the capability of GIS to recognise, extract, and extrapolate patterns in multivariate map data has meant that archaeologists must now resist the temptation to interpret such patterns as anything more than relatively recently introduce biases of site preservation and visibility. This paper explores ways in which GIS can be used to discover, and correct, such biases. pp. 129-135 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:102 1996-01-01 Building an urban image White, R. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Abandoned towns have long been recognised as one of the most important resources to understanding the development and decline of the urban environment. In Britain, the number of opportunities for studies into abandoned Roman towns is limited as most have continued in use until the present day. The Wroxeter Hinterland Project is currently engaged in research on the best-preserved deserted Roman town in Britain: Viroconium Cornoviorum, in Shropshire – modern Wroxeter. The approach has been to use a broad range of geophysical prospecting methods to elucidate the nature and density of occupation on the site. Standard geophysical techniques such as magnetometry and resistivity have been extensively deployed alongside the newer technologies of Ground-penetrating radar, multi-probe, continuous-reading automated resistivity, seismology and conductivity. Airborne survey is adding another dimension through multi-spectral scanning and conventional aerial photography, while sub-surface surveys are being hatched up with ground-truthing data collected through conventional survey methods. The results are being processed in the Project’s GIS database and will provide as full an insight into the nature of occupation at Wroxeter as is possible without further extensive excavation. It is intended that the results will be published in an atlas and will also be accessible via the World-Wide-Web. pp. 137-147 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavVII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:103 1996-01-01 Trattamento informatico dei dati relativi alle trasformazioni di aree centuriate dell'Italia centrale: il caso di Urbs Salvia Moscatelli, U. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The author illustrates the main purpose of a research project that he is carrying out on Roman centuriation in Central Italy. In particular, the paper discusses the evolution of Roman cadastre of Urbs Salvia during the Early Middle Ages and Middle Ages. The author suggests that starting from a hypothetical centuriated form, study should be made of field boundaries that can be extracted, for example, from medieval documents, ancient maps and cabrei. In this way, if significant data is found, we have a reliable confirmation of the supposed original schema. In the Urbs Salvia’s centuriation several medieval field boundaries abut the Roman limits or the burial monuments that the Romans used to mark limits. Moreover some roads, mentioned in several documents of the Chiaravalle di Fiastra Cistercian Abbey, run exactly in the middle of a row of centuriae. Data is recorded using AutoCAD R13 (for numeric cartography) and Paradox 5.0 for Windows (other data). pp. 149-159 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:104 1996-01-01 Un archivio georeferenziato di insediamenti archeologici Niccolucci, F. Pardi, G. Zoppi, T. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations This contribution deals with the survey of medieval sites in Tuscany, carried out to record territorial, topographical, historical and archaeological data and to integrate these different kinds of sources. It studies the region corresponding to the ancient county owned by the Ardengheschi family, in the south of Tuscany. The collected data are organised into a relational database; its most important tables contain administrative, geographical, environmental, historical and archaeological (descriptive and interpretative) data. Each database record is also geographically referenced by means of the coordinates of the central point of the corresponding site. This organisation makes it possible to investigate chronological and spatial relationships among sites. Some examples show the inadequacy of Euclidean distance and how it can be correctly defined to obtain coherent results; others deal with the definition of “contemporary” settlements, and it is shown how paradoxical results may derive from a “blind” use of database queries. To avoid such consequences, the use of “fuzzy logic” is proposed to define the lifetime of a site, especially if historical and archaeological records span over different periods; an application of fuzzy logical operators is considered in a final example. pp. 161-177 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:105 1996-01-01 Il progetto ARCTOS: verso un GIS multimediale Forte, M. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Survey and excavations The ARCTOS project (Visualization and Virtual Reality methodologies for a cognitive system on a archaeological Sicilian pattern) has been carried out by CINECA (Interuniversity Consortium for Supercomputing Applications) and the Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa, Laboratory of Ancient Topography) with the support of IBM SEMEA, in order to study the archaeological site of Rocca di Entella (Palermo). This is an important archaeological multistratified site dating back to the Neolithic through to the medieval period; in particular, 13 archaeological areas have been investigated in the last years. Rocca di Entella can be described as a separate geomorphological space 60 ha wide; for every chronological phase the structures discovered show different features, such as buildings, materials, functions and uses. To analyse these complex layers of information, data was processed in 2D and 3D format so as to visualize the scientific content; in particular, it was important to allow the users to move in real time into virtual spaces, such as archaeological landscapes. We think that interactive 3D perception is fundamental for our cognitive system as it allows us to understand all the features of the archaeological landscape and the inter- and intra-site relationships. pp. 179-192 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavIX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:106 1996-01-01 The knowledge of territory in ancient civilizations temples and sacred sites as prehistorical geodetic networks? Gregori, L.G. Gregori, G.P. Database Survey and excavations A hypothesis is proposed dealing with the way by which ancient societies could get knowledge and control of their territory, by means of some kind of a former “geodetic” network, conceived as some basic frame reference for orientation of travellers. Mythology was a practical and effective tool for training people. Zodiacal signs appear to be almost some kind of “universal” former “alphabet”, suitable either for characterizing every given town, or for measuring angles of any kind, or for assisting a traveller in his orientation. In the Aegean Sea the natural reference points were the islands themselves. In western Anatolia and Greece, they set up a system of temples and sacred sites. In Egypt, possibly, there was a network of obelisks and pyramids and in other areas there was something equivalent. Some observational evidence is already available, and proposed interpretation can already be found in literature, dealing either with the Anatolian-Aegean-Greek world, or with ancient Egypt. In any case, ancient Greeks were apparently capable of estimating the latitude of a site with high precision (+- 0.05° latitude, equivalent to -+5 km on Earth’s surface; standard deviation). These topics are briefly reviewed here. Then, it is shown how a suitable file containing the latitude, longitude, and dedication of all temples and sacred sites of a given area (or the location of obelisks and pyramids that existed in Egypt) can allow for the creation of a formal analysis capable of assessing whether such a hypothesis is only a simple although fascinating speculation, or whether it is supported by objective observational evidence. pp. 193-212 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:107 1996-01-01 Résultats préliminaires d'un projet de reconstitution 2D et 3D de structures d'habitats préhistoriques par le logiciel de gestion d'objets graphiques ArcInfo Djindjian, F. Iakovleva, L. Pirot, F. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Survey and excavations Preliminary results of a project for the reconstruction of a mammoth bone paleolithic dwelling are discussed. The graphical object management software package ArcInfo was used to create two different databases: the first one, for the bone icone database, the second one for the identification and localisation of bone architectural artifacts, extracted from the excavation books and graphical plan drawings. The potential of the system for understanding the dwelling architecture through 2D visualization and 3D reconstruction is discussed. pp. 215-222 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:108 1996-01-01 Shape from motion: dalle sequenze filmate alla modellazione tridimensionale. Progetto per l'elaborazione 3D di immagini video archeologiche Forte, M. Guidazzoli, A. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Survey and excavations The recording of archaeological data during excavation and their description is a fundamental question for visualization and processing. Typically, this acquisition of data includes conventional 2D drawings, photos, graphic reproductions and videos. Further, we must also consider that for reconstructing the archaeological context (monuments, buildings, stratigraphic layers) it is very important to describe the 3rd dimension. The processing and visualization of 3D information may be considered as a virtual research lab, in which it is possible to recreate all the phases of excavation. In order to obtain these results, we have implemented the Shape from Motion Project, for modelling and 3D reconstruction of digitized and calibrated analogies video data. The project has been undertaken as a scientific partnership between CINECA, CALTECH (California lnstitute of Technology, USA) and AIACE (International Association of Computing in Archaeology pp. 223-232 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:109 1996-01-01 Computer aided graphical documentation in archaeology Lianos, N.A. Computer Graphics IP CAD Survey and excavations This paper deals with the advantages of simple photogrammetry methods used in the documentation of archaeological excavations. The proposed method is based on low altitude vertical pictures, a Least Square Adjustment calculation software program and a common CAD software. Description of the method and different applications are also included. pp. 233-241 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:110 1996-01-01 Applicazioni dell'informatica nel rilievo archeologico Perfido, P. Computer Graphics IP CAD Survey and excavations Archaeology contains a strange contradiction in itself. It is compelled to destroy all that emerges from the past in order to know and keep memory of it. It removes from its original position findings brought to light during digging. Ruins, graves, everyday objects are documented, photographed, catalogued and carried away. Then, they are no longer replaced in their former position save exceptional cases. This procedure emphasises the importance of graphic and photographic documentation of archaeological sciences. From this perspective, the Apulian Archaeological office has recently carried out experiments in the application of informatics to survey and graphical documentation in some excavations made in the province of Bari. This experience has helped to define a set of methodologies to allow CAD programmes to be used even by inexperienced operators. Thanks to these methodologies complex situations like graves, ruins and sections have been easily documented with great precision and in a short time. pp. 243-248 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:111 1996-01-01 HYPERSION-HYPOGÉE. Un système informatique pour le relevé, la gestion et l'analyse de structures funéraires - L'exemple de la basilique de Sous-le-Scex à Sion (Suisse) Antonini, A. Feihl, O. Computer Graphics IP CAD Survey and excavations Data coming from necropolis excavations constitute the base of an information programme, which permits the integration between a descriptive database and a computer graphics programme. Each grave has been drawn using a system of photographic correction and recorded in a CAD programme. Therefore, these drawings are automatically positioned on a general map in their original location. The description of the graves is recorded in a relational database and every grave drawing is connected to the relative file. In this way, by performing queries to the database, it is possible to immediately visualize the corresponding graves and to realize, for example, typological and chronological maps. This paper gives examples from the medieval necropolis of Sous-le-Scex at Sion, in Switzerland. pp. 249-257 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXVII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:112 1996-01-01 Informatica ed elaborazione dei dati archeologici Semeraro, G. Database Survey and excavations The paper illustrates the computing section of a Strategic Project for the development of research methods applied to the study and safeguarding of the archaeological heritage of southern Italy. The project has been launched by the Italian National Research Council at the University of Lecce. The scientific aim of the system is the management of excavation data relating to problems emerging from the study of settlements. The system is characterised by: a) the integration of alphanumeric data, graphical data (site plans, archaeological maps) and images; b) the application of quantitative analysis. The system has been tested with the input of information from the excavation of sample sites at Otranto, Vaste and Oria (Italy) and Hierapolis (Turkey). The end result is a series of thematic and chronological maps of the settlements, which are of particular importance for centres such as Otranto which are under continuous pressure from building development. “Risk maps” have also been produced, which indicate areas where archaeological action is most urgent. The results form the base upon which we can construct a functional relationship between town councils, Superintendencies and the University so as to take the necessary steps that will avoid the sort of destruction of archaeological areas that has taken place over the last few years. pp. 259-268 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:113 1996-01-01 GIASONE. Gestione integrata dei materiali archeologici Arias, C. Caruso, F. Giampietri, A. Database Survey and excavations An information system for the management of archaeological remains is presented here; it derives from the experience of the “Laboratorio di Informatica Archeologica - Dipartimento di Scienze Archeologiche - Pisa”. The guidelines followed during the project phase and the characteristics that make this system a reliable tool for work and research are examined. Finally, a possible evolution of the system is foreseen in order to improve access and diffusion of the data. pp. 269-278 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXIX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:114 1996-01-01 Proposal for systematic recording of archaeological excavations Esquivel, J.A. Peña, J.A. Molina, F. Contreras, F. Rodríguez, I. Database Survey and excavations In this work we use an archaeological information system to record and manage data coming from an excavation. The system includes the excavation methodology, the geographical reference of archaeological elements, the settlements and elements denomination, the directories and files structure and the computer organisation. The authors develop a computer software based on PARADOX to record the archaeological information, including textual documentation, CAD maps and images. pp. 279-289 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:115 1996-01-01 Field recording techniques for excavating neolithic sites Pavlu, I. Database Survey and excavations The field excavation techniques of Neolithic sites have changed during the past two decades. With these changes, data recording procedures have also changed profoundly. A method of merging excavated horizontal levels and reconstructed layers is presented here, and the respective database structures are developed. The results of the advanced finds analyses revealed the patterning of site refuse in large Neolithic pit-complexes. Finally, a proposal for a relational database is developed. pp. 291-300 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:116 1996-01-01 Information science in archaeology: a short history and some recent trends Voorrips, A. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems In the first section of this paper, some of the developments in the use of information science in archaeology are discussed, putting them in a more general framework of developments in archaeological theory. It shows the shift from “classical” statistical approaches, which concentrate on hypothesis testing, towards more heuristic, pattern searching methods of analysis. In the second section, some research is presented on the use of Bayesian statistics for solving archaeological problems. It illustrates, on the one hand, the case with which rather complicated quantitative analyses can be performed with the help of standard computing tools, and, on the other hand, the risks of carrying out such analyses without a clear, logically sound underpinning. pp. 303-312 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:117 1996-01-01 A critique of G.I.S. in archaeology. From visual seduction to spatial analysis Barceló, J.A. Pallarés, M. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The purpose of this paper is to critically explore the role of Geographical Information Systems in archaeological research. Currently, some archaeologists seem largely captivated by new computing technologies believing that the sophistication of powerful software outputs will lend respectability by itself. In our opinion GIS is merely a set of techniques to visualise and manage large amounts of georeferenced data. Thus, there must be other tools to move from visualisation to explanation, which fall within the domain of Spatial Analysis. The ultimate aim of this paper is to show how we can integrate these already existing tools (geostatistics, intra-site statistical tests, digital image processing, artificial intelligence, etc.) into a GIS framework, in order to move from beautiful images to hard analysis. Finally, we criticise the lack of a theoretical background in archaeological uses of GIS technology, arguing that GIS is only a software and may benefit our research only if we use well defined archaeological problems on a well-based theory. pp. 313-326 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:118 1996-01-01 Thinking about the spatial articulation of the archaeological record: the role of statistical techniques Wünsch, G. Statistics Survey and excavations The aim of this paper is to present a short reflection about the connection between the spatial articulation of the archaeological record and the role of statistical techniques. The basic idea is to process three spatial properties of the archaeological record: the distribution, the arrangement and the association. We include this idea inside the theoretical-methodological framework of the ANITES proposal. Briefly, we present the informative potential of these properties and the statistical techniques selected. pp. 327-335 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:119 1996-01-01 Studio dei processi formativi del deposito e ricognizione di configurazioni spaziali in insediamenti all'aperto: analisi statistiche delle evidenze archeologiche di Terragne (Manduria, Taranto) di Lernia, S. Statistics Survey and excavations The analysis of site formation processes seems quite ignored in the archaeological literature of Southern Italy. In this paper, we discuss the case study of Terragne (Taranto, South-Eastern Italy), an open-air site characterised by two occupation layers (US 5-Late Mesolithic; US 3-Early and Middle Neolithic). Statistical analyses of different archaeological indicators were performed, in order to value the formation features of the deposit and to identify possible spatial configurations. Particular emphasis has been drawn to the identification of diagnostic tools, able to isolate specific formative phenomena (sin-depositional and post-depositional pp. 337-355 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:120 1996-01-01 La Sabina Tiberina. Analisi esplorativa per la zona archeologica dell'Ager Eretanus Espa, G. Espa, S. Gabrielli, R. Ricci, U. Statistics Survey and excavations The aim of the work described here is to contribute to the knowledge about the ancient population located in the Ager Eretanus, through the application of a statistical methodology known as “point pattern analysis”. We first present a brief discussion of the management of an application-oriented GIS in the field of archaeological research. We then present the results of a “second order analysis” undertaken on the data at our disposal. Finally, we discuss two interesting methodological problems: the first concerns the evaluation of the influence exerted on the model by possible errors in the location of the points; the second regards the proposal of a graphical representation which proves very useful in showing the variable intensity of the distribution of archaeological site. pp. 357-363 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:121 1996-01-01 Forecasting statistical models of archaeological site location Arbia, G. Espa, G. Statistics Survey and excavations Forecasting statistical models are becoming increasingly important in archaeological research. One of the reasons of this popularity is that archaeological sites tend to present themselves in particular environments so that forecasting models can help in identifying areas where the probability is higher based on previously collected statistical information. In the present paper we consider a class of statistical models designed to produce maps of the probability for archaeological site location (ASL) which incorporate both deductive and inductive considerations. In the discussion we criticise the use of the logistic regression for the production of ASL probability maps, a popular approach known in archaeological literature as the “integrated strategy”. The application of the method is statistically incorrect since in archaeological studies the hypothesis of independence between sites, which is at the basis of the logistic regression model, is violated. To overcome such limitations we propose two alternative models. The first one is an autopredictive model in which the probability of ASL is modelled as a function of the observations coming from field surveys in neighbouring zones. This approach accounts for the problem of non-independency of observations, but neglects a priori auxiliary information on the archaeological area. The second approach is a more comprehensive one which overcomes the problems of logistic regressions while preserving the role of a priori information. pp. 365-372 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:122 1996-01-01 Observations sur la distribution des tombes dans une nécropole grecque d'époque archaïque: le cas de la nécropole Ouest de Mégara Hyblaea Iacovella, A. Statistics Survey and excavations The aim of the study is to observe the random distribution of graves, characteristic of Greek cemeteries in the archaic period. Of the three computing tools that were used, only the data analysis is explained here. The results were displayed in the topographical space, using the x,y coordinate of each grave. The definition of archaeological variables designated to data analysis has increased through the analysis of the vocabulary used by the archaeologist. Correspondence Analysis was used for the study of grave goods, and Multiple Correspondence Analyses for the study of burials characterised by the grave goods structure of the previous analysis. This report concerns one aspect of the results: the 178 child burials described by the archaeologist. The study shows four groups characterized by different archaeological patterns. Each group was inserted in the topography of cemetery. The internal outlines delimited by the groups are the components of the distribution model. The last result is extended to include other structures concerning the archaeology of death. pp. 373-384 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:71 1996-01-01 Image processing in microwear studies on flint artifacts Bietti, A. Computer Graphics IP CAD Archaeometry In this paper we describe an application of image processing for the texture study of the use wear polishes on flint artifacts, experimentally obtained on two types of materials: wood and hide. The quantification of the textural properties of the images, obtained with a high magnification (200X) metallographic microscope strictly follows the rules indicated by HARALICK et al. in 1973. Twenty-two textural features were obtained from the image and statistical analysis then allowed the discrimination between the two classes of materials. The techniques employed, T-test and linear stepwise discriminant analysis, show that the discrimination between tools working wood and working hide is quite good, in the case of distance between the pixels = 1. Possibilities of future and more refined analyses are then discussed at the end of the paper. pp. 387-396 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:68 1996-01-01 Beyond the histogram. Improved approaches to simple data display in archaeology using kernel density estimates Baxter, M.J. Beardah, C.C. Statistics Archaeometry The histogram is one of the most widely used descriptive statistical techniques in archaeology, but suffers from a number of well known problems. These include the dependence of its appearance on the choice of origin and interval width. Kernel density estimates provide an alternative to the histogram and avoid some of its problems. They have been little used in archaeology, probably because suitable software has not been widely available. We illustrate some of the advantages of kernel density estimates through several simple examples. Computation was done using the MATLAB package and routines written by the second author that are freely available. One issue in the use of kernel density estimates concerns a choice analogous to that of the interval width for a histogram. Our routines implement several approaches that are discussed in an appendix. pp. 397-408 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:69 1996-01-01 I risultati delle indagini scientifiche in campo archeologico: il problema dell'archiviazione Bonincontro, I. Giardino, C. Gigante, G.E. Computer Graphics IP CAD Archaeometry This study deals with the correct storage of data concerning scientific analysis within cultural heritage. An analysis of the present situation indicates the danger of the dispersal of information. The data acquired in scientific analysis appear as signals and images. The different problems involved in both cases have been discussed. The case of the XRF spectra is presented as a detailed example of the proposed approach. pp. 409-416 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:73 1996-01-01 Alcune considerazioni sull'uso delle immagini digitali per il confronto di reperti archeologici Groppo, E. Jacob, C. Vai, C. Computer Graphics IP CAD Archaeometry The authors describe the use of digital image processing techniques aimed at achieving a criteria for quantitative comparison. Usually, these procedures are executed using visual superimposition of images and constrained by the lack of rescaling and anamorphic making up that could be used to cancel the optical distortions caused by lenses. The criteria used within the experimental activity are aimed at helping the archaeologists without changing their traditional research methods. These techniques can be seen as an interesting tool able not only to aid impartial decision making but also to enhance the autoptic analysis of the findings. The most important algorithms pertaining to image processing have been used for investigating the origin and the age of moulded and handmade objects. pp. 417-428 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:72 1996-01-01 Computer based acquisition of archaeological finds: the first step towards automatic classification Sablatnig, R. Menard, Ch. Computer Graphics IP CAD Archaeometry During excavations a large number of pottery sherds may be found. These sherds are photographed, measured, drawn and catalogued. Currently, all this work is done by hand, equating to a lot of routine work for the archaeologist. In this paper, two acquisition methods for archaeological finds are proposed, forming the first step towards automatic classification, that could help the archaeologist in their work and automate the archival process. Firstly, we present an overview of existing methods for archaeological image acquisition. These systems are half-automated, so the amount of work has not really been reduced. Next we focus on the acquisition methods to minimize failures in the output and to automate this process completely. In order to get 3D-information of a sherd, we use two different and representative methods, in particular, shape from stereo and shape from structured light for providing a 3D-surface representation of a sherd. Furthermore, we discuss a fusion of these two methods for an archaeological application and finally, the outlook for a computer based automatic classification of archaeological finds is given. pp. 429-446 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:70 1996-01-01 Analisi statistiche e archeometria: uno studio sulle ceramiche del IV e III millennio a. C. provenienti da Arslantepe (Malatya, Turchia) Angle, M. Frangipane, M. Palmieri, A.M. Statistics Archaeometry This project was established through a collaboration between the Missione Archeologica Italiana in Turchia (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”) and the Istituto per le Tecnologie applicate ai Beni Culturali of the CNR. For this project we selected over 700 ceramic samples found at Arslantepe, coming from structures and layers of IV and III millennium BC The samples were chosen in order to obtain a complete picture of the typological classes coming from the different chronological phases. The use of the ceramic classes and their related structures were also investigated, using traditional archaeometric analyses. Taking into consideration such a large time scale, the aim was to study the socio-cultural and economic development and transformations showed by the technology of ceramic production. The management of such a large amount of data, and the high number of interrelationships, required the use of a computer-based system. Statistical analyses were conducted using the software SPSS, specialised for Social Sciences applications. pp. 447-468 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:79 1996-01-01 Studio delle paste ceramiche di anfore della laguna di Venezia mediante una procedura basata sulla elaborazione di immagini Modrzewska, I. Azzarelli, L. Cerri, S. Chimenti, M. Pawlikowski, M. Pianetti, F. Statistics Archaeometry This article discusses a research project about the imported and local amphorae found in the Veneto region. The study is specifically based on fragments of Spanish amphorae found in the Venetian lagoon. Several samples could be clearly identified as fragments of the forms coming from the Baetica region (e.g., Dr 8, Dr 38, Dr 7/11, Dr 20 and Dr 20-23); other samples of very limited number could also be reliably identified. In order to attempt a broad identification we have studied the composition of the pastes of a small number of fragments by means of mineralogical and petrographic analyses. Additionally image processing techniques were also used: in particular, a classification procedure has been designed that will perform morphologic, chromatic, radiometric and spectral analyses on the images of thin sections of the amphorae, taken by a polarising microscope. The procedure could be completed by analysing a larger number of samples, that will allow to establish the decision thresholds used in the classification process; the procedure will facilitate the fusion of data and information obtained with different destructive and non destructive tests of the samples, so that it could constitute a useful tool for the archaeological research. pp. 469-486 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:78 1996-01-01 Le anfore (IV-VI/VII sec.) rinvenute negli horrea di S. Gaetano di Vada (Rosignano M.mo, LI): ricerche archeometriche, morfologiche, quantitative Del Rio, A. Vallebona, M. Statistics Archaeometry This article is based on the morphologic, archaeometric and quantitative study of amphoras found in room 16 and 17 of the horrea of S. Gaetano of Vada (Li), which form part of the port structures of Vada Volaterrana. The material belonging to the second of the two phases of the building (half of IV-VI/VII cent. AD) have been studied; this has allowed us to delineate commercial flows that, coming from the whole Mediterranean basin, have been related to the Vada Volaterrana harbour on the Northern Etrurian coast. The locally fabricated amphoras represent a large proportion of the finds (14,7%): these were used for wine, and were stored here before being exported. The majority of the imported amphoras came from North-Africa (65,8%), but they were also imported from the Eastern end of the Mediterranean (18,1%). Few, on the contrary, were imported from the Italian peninsula (11,4%), and these above all from the Iberic peninsula (4,7%). Also of note is the lack of imported amphoras from Gallia during the second phase of existence of the building. pp. 487-496 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:77 1996-01-01 Il vasellame di uso comune (I-VII sec. d.C.) rinvenuto negli horrea di S. Gaetano di Vada (Rosignano, M.mo, LI): ricerche archeometriche, morfologiche ed analisi quantitative Pasquinucci, M. Menchelli, S. Statistics Archaeometry Morphologic and archeometric studies and quantitative analysis were carried out on the common ware pottery from the horrea located in the harbour quarter of Vada Volaterrana (S. Gaetano di Vada, Rosignano Marittimo, Livorno). It is attempted to define the functional, morphologic and technical characteristics of this ware, dated I-VIII cent. AD The relationship between common ware and the other kinds of ware (thin walled, Italian terra sigillata, African terra sigillata etc.) are studied. 64 different fabrics were identified; 65% of the common ware pottery was made on the Northern coast of Etruria; a considerable number of imports from Northern Africa and, in smaller quantities, from Central-Southern Italy and Eastern Mediterranean coasts were also identified. The pattern of trade and the local “Roman” production continued at least up until the end of the VI cent. AD The situation changed in the first half of the VII cent.: Mediterranean commercial trade ended and the local coarse ware pottery, very different from the traditional Roman pottery, became what is recognised as a protomedieval fabric. pp. 497-514 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:74 1996-01-01 Visualizzazione grafica e archeometallurgia: lingotti da siti etruschi dell'Emilia Catarsi Dall'Aglio, M. Malnati, L. Antonacci, E. Follo, L. Computer Graphics IP CAD Archaeometry This project has studied metallic ingots from the Etruria Padana that come from either old excavations and more recent ones. The samples have been studied through chemical-physical structural and metallographic analysis; the process, conducted after years of restoration, leaves no trace on the object, as it concerns only a few milligrams of sample, which usually allows the identification of about 15 elements in the alloy. The sample is taken after accurate weighing and a series of chemical treatments, through its exposure to a strumental analysis through Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. With this type of analysis a qualitative and quantitative measurement of the elements of the alloy is made. The results of the analysis are transferred to tables in Excel; then, through these tables, a series of graphics are produced giving a better opportunity to evaluate the concentration of the most important elements of the alloy. The computer allows us also to organize, in the same table, the study of one or more elements in comparison with the others, in order to give different meanings to the results obtained, by for example, producing a decreasing movement in the concentration of an element; so we obtain some graphics that may better point out the differences. The use of computer graphics permits not only an easy reading of the elements of the alloy, but also better evidence of the differences regarding the composition that are particular to some different classes of metal objects. pp. 515-526 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:76 1996-01-01 I depositi archeologici in ambiente arido: il contributo dell'analisi di immagine al sito antico olocenico di Uan Afuda (Sahara Libico) di Lernia, S. Trombino, L. Cremaschi, M. Computer Graphics IP CAD Geoarchaeology Analysis of site formation processes is a field of research which can be enhanced by means of computer applications. In this paper, the authors suggest the use of image analysis applied to the study of soil micromorphology and to archaeological deposits, aimed at the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the soil components. The presence of specific devices and software allow these problems to be faced in a quick and user-friendly way, thanks to the Windows interface. The case study looks at the Uan Afuda cave in the Tadrart Acacus (Libyan Sahara), and the sediments related to the Mesolithic occupation (8900-8000 BP), which is characterised by vegetable accumulations alternating to ashes layers. The application let us weigh the specific components of the layers, from both a microscopic (soil thin sections) and macroscopic (excavated stratigraphic section) level. Consistence of results opens up new perspectives of analysis for the comprehension of the formation processes in arid environments and for the cultural problems linked to them. pp. 527-535 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:75 1996-01-01 The vegetation from the Guadix-Baza (Granada, Spain) during the Copper and Bronze Ages based on anthracology Rodriguez-Ariza, M.O. Valle, F. Esquivel, J.A. Statistics Geoarchaeology The data from an anthracological study of vegetal carbon from six archaeological sites in the Guadix-Bàza district (Betic province, Guadiciano-Bastetano), dating from 2500 to 1400 BC, have been submitted to Correspondence Analyses in order to define relationships between taxa, to associate taxa with the sites, and to identify patterns of species appearance. The vegetation identified by anthraco-analysis for the Copper Age is the kermesoak grove (Quercus coccifera association), probably includable in the present-day Rhamno lycioidis-Quercetum cocciferae association, with Aleppo-pine groves (Pinus halepensis community) occupying the most marginal zones. This pine grove gradually replaced the oak grove during the Bronze Age, for a variety of causes, principally anthropic, such as the cultivation of new lands, farming and the cutting of trees. Human knowledge of plants is reflected in the uses of certain species for specific functions: construction materials for huts, firewood for the hearth and for metal working, and raw materials for making utensils. The use of materials depended on species availability and the socio-economic organization of the human communities inhabiting the southeastern Iberian Peninsula during the Copper and Bronze Ages. pp. 537-558 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:46 1996-01-01 Underpinning the discipline. One hundred years (or more) of classification in archaeology Orton, C. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems Classification has been an important archaeological activity for at least a century. It should not be seen as an end in its own right, but as a tool that enables archaeologist to compare and communicate. It can also be seen as mathematical activity, the study of relationships between entities in a multi-dimensional space. Comparison of these approaches leads to a set of criteria for a “good” classification. A wide and growing range of techniques is available, but more fundamental issues such as the choice of variables and the level of analysis must also be considered. The history of classification in archaeology shows a period of optimism followed by one of disappointment; the recent development of techniques more suited to archaeological needs may enable a middle view to be taken. Finally, the role of classification is assessed in the light of current trends in archaeological theory. pp. 561-577 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:45 1996-01-01 Archeologia quantitativa: nascita, sviluppo e "crisi", Moscati, P. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems The author describes the different phases which have characterised “Quantitative Archaeology” from its origin in the Sixties to the present. An examination of the present situation emphasises the reduction in the number of projects in which statistical and mathematical techniques are applied in comparison with those devoted to data recording, computer graphics and image processing. A limitation in the fields of studies, generally restricted to the more traditional application sectors, such as archaeometric analyses and typological and morphological studies of artefacts, was also observed. This situation is related to two principal aspects. The first concerns the present tendency to assimilate theory and practice, which involves the connection between the opinion on Quantitative Archaeology and the debate on processual and post-processual – or anti-processual – archaeology. The second concerns the re-appraisal of the epistemological aspect of archaeology, which implies the necessity on the behalf of archaeologist to formalise their own reasoning: a step which is often considered absent in quantitative studies. As an example, the author presents a case study, which concerns the computer-based classification of Etruscan cinerary stone urns, produced in Volterra, in order to show how the formalisation process is implied in the application of the quantitative approach. pp. 579-590 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:47 1996-01-01 Dynamic classification and description in the IDEA Andresen, J. Madsen, T. Database Classification of archaeological finds In the fifties and sixties it was assumed that a generalised and detailed descriptive system for archaeological materials could be constructed, and that this system could be transferred to a computerised symbolic representation. In the early seventies this position was abandoned as it was realized that data are theory-dependent and problem-specific. As a consequence it has been widely accepted that databases containing archaeological data are bound to be highly individual and short-lived. With the increasing number of IT based archaeological recording systems, the inherent heterogeneity becomes a hindrance for archival purposes and effective management of archaeological projects. It is also, however, an obstacle for a formalized methodology, because researchers end up with pragmatic ad hoc solutions, which often shoehorn the recordings into rigid data-structures. The IDEA (the Integrated Database for Excavation Analysis) is to solve this problem. Through a database meta-structure and a user-friendly interface IDEA offers the researcher the possibility to implement a problem-specific description of archaeological objects, but at the same time stores data and data-definitions in one underlying structure, regardless of chosen solution. In this paper we describe how we have solved the problem of creating a database structure capable of holding widely diffused classifications and descriptions. pp. 591-602 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:48 1996-01-01 Contraste funcional de una clasificación morfométrica multivariante de piezas líticas con muesca Ruiz Cobo, J. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds This work studies a sample of 58 notched pieces formed by all the examples found in surface sites from a small area of the Cantabrian coast (Northern Spain). These sites are the result of three kinds of activity: a) the exploitation of coastal resources; b) the manufacture of artifacts used in this exploitation; c) the working of flint nodules from local limestone. The results of data gathered were organised in a database and a classic statistical analysis was carried out using the package SPSS. After the application of different tests - correspondence, factor and cluster analysis - a classification in four groups based on morphological variables was chosen as the most significant. In the functional analysis a basic traceologic study has been combined with experimental practice in order to establish whether the four morphological classes show differences in the way they were used and in the patterns of the marks of use. The functional analysis has also enabled four groups to be distinguished and the contrast between both classifications displays a difference between the morphological classification based on the morphometric variables, and the functional classification. The factors involved in this contrast are examined in this study. pp. 603-610 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:49 1996-01-01 Il complesso ceramico eneolitico di Conelle di Arcevia (Ancona) Cazzella, A. Moscoloni, M. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds The ceramic assemblage described in this paper, coming from the Conelle di Arcevia Copper Age ditch, can be divided into four phases. This substantial assemblage (almost 10,000 diagnostic items) allowed us to undertake quantitative analysis. A first step in creating a database is to define the underlying criteria: it is a truism to say that the selected parameters condition the results of the analysis. It seemed to us impracticable to elaborate an automatic classification being able to take into consideration the recognition of the patterns socially accepted by a specific human group. At risk of a higher degree of subjectivity, we choose to create an intuitive typology concerning shapes, decorative techniques and motifs, handles and raw materials/surface treatments. We tried examining the behaviour of each feature and their association, aiming to understand the synchronic and diachronic levels of variability in the ceramic production; moreover our purpose was to discern the international/ stochastic value of each association of features by simple statistical techniques. pp. 611-622 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:50 1996-01-01 DEDALO: l'informatica applicata alle relazioni Egeo-Italia nell'età del Bronzo Vagnetti, L. Re, L. Database Classification of archaeological finds A long-standing project concerning the study of the Bronze Age interrelations between the Aegean and Italy, in progress at the Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo Anatolici, has stimulated the creation of an appropriate database. The relational database DEDALO is composed of six different files (1. sites, 2. excavation, 3. areas, 4. contexts, 5. finds and 6. bibliography), where information on the archaeological evidence related to Aegean-type material found in Italy is stored. The basic units of the structure are the sites where one or more Aegean items have been found. Although the entries of the fifth file, concerning items, are very detailed, DEDALO is not particularly object-oriented, but rather aims to integrate geographic, environmental, archaeological, chronological and archaeometric data, focussing on the relationship between the Aegean-type object (seen as the exception in its context) and the local Italian communities of the Bronze Age. pp. 623-628 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:52 1996-01-01 Analisi statistiche dei reperti ceramici: il caso di Sorgenti della Nova Domanico, L. Passoni, A. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds This article presents the first results of a statistical analysis applied to the ceramic artifacts from the Late Bronze Age settlement of Sorgenti della Nova (Farnese, Viterbo). After organising the data in a logical structure of relationships, with the setting up of a classification code and automatic processing, various methods of descriptive and multivaried analysis were applied (Frequency Analysis, Crosstabulation, Cluster Analysis). The main objective was the reconstruction of as great a number of shapes from fragments as possible, consequently observing the distribution dynamics of these within the site. The analysis enabled us to increase the possibility of recognising the ceramic forms by roughly 25%. It allowed us also to observe how, even within a situation of substantial uniformity in the site, a distinct separation emerges in certain structures, including, among other factors, the material culture, such as for example, the oval huts with foundations on channels, the grotto-sanctuary 7 and the monumental structure in sector Vb. pp. 629-645 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:53 1996-01-01 Copper Age cylinders from Portugal: a data base Monteiro Rodrigues, M. da C. Database Classification of archaeological finds The aim of this work is to illustrate a database in which we have recorded a great number of archaeological objects. The example is made with 303 figures from Portugal which the archaeologists name “cylindrical idols”. The first step was to choose the vocabulary and organize it in a hierarchical form. Our tree form has three chapters, some sections and subsections that form the base of the system; in the second step, the programme Access was used to describe the cylinders. When the recording was finished, the following questions were posed: a) What is the provenance of the Portuguese cylinders?; b) What is the main raw material?; c) What is their typology?; d) What is their geographical distribution? The answers were reproduced in the form of a graphical picture in which the results can be observed. These results are confronted with M. Gimbutas’ interpretation about these cylinders over Western Europe. Our conclusion disagrees with Gimbutas as in Portugal the figures appear in Copper Age contexts, whereas Gimbutas states that the cylinders were used during the Neolithic. This thesis was linked to the concept of the “Eve Goddess”, although the Kurgans that seem to have introduced the metal in Portugal held the sun as a principal religious symbol. pp. 661-680 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:54 1996-01-01 Metodi di analisi per lo studio di un gruppo di sigilli cilindrici vicino-orientali e di altre immagini strutturate Camiz, S. Rova, E. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds In order to analyse a corpus of 963 Near-Eastern Uruk/Jemdet Nasr period sealings, three levels of image structure were identified, as being a) the presence of iconographic elements, b) the presence of subpattern, i.e. small images contributing as a whole to the total image, and c) the general image pattern, considered only under the syntactical point of view. This paper is based on second level analyses, performed through textual exploratory analysis of a formalized text describing the sealings images. Two different textual correspondence analyses were performed: the first on textual forms and the second on repeated segments, i.e. repeated sequences of forms considered as a whole. In the paper, the quality of results is discussed, in particular comparing them to classical techniques based on manual coding and to a previous coding. In this case, a better distinction of different sealings groups resulted from forms analysis, whereas the one on repeated segments, although repeating the forms analysis general pattern, seems less satisfactory. Both results suggest to modify the automatic procedures used so far, in order to limit attention to presence/absence of forms on one side and to select manually the repeated segments actually corresponding to a subpattern, rather than considering all of them. pp. 647-659 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:55 1996-01-01 Étude technologique de la sculture ibérique en pierre. Base de données documentaire Blánquez, J. Roldán, L. Database Classification of archaeological finds This work describes the technological study of Iberian sculpture, which is little developed in Spanish archaeology. To start the investigation, it was necessary to review the traditional archaeological documentation. In the same way, it exposes in detail the method of work that has been used in an ambitious project of investigation carried out in the Autonoma University of Madrid. For this project, we have built a specific database for the management of the vast and different documentation. The program was conceived to manage three kinds of information: item description, bibliography and pictures, all of them related by Escultur Program (Clipper language). In the creation of this program, maximum flexibility was also needed in the management of information, including the permanent integration of the three databases. Therefore, each sculptural piece is associated to its individual study, to the corresponding bibliographic references and to the graphical images made or remade, that are recorded in their respective databases. The result obtained through the use of the program offers the possibility of relying on three files of fundamental data to be able to plan and resolve archaeological problems in relation to the technological interpretation of the Iberian sculpture. In synthesis, they concern: the cataloguing and description of materials; bibliographic database; storage and management of images. pp. 681-691 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXIX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:51 1996-01-01 The entasis of greek doric columns and curve fitting. A case study on the peristyle column of the temple of the Athena Alea at Tegea Pakkanen, J. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds In this paper it is suggested that least squares approximation can be used to analyse and to produce computer images of the entasis of Greek Doric columns. The curve fitting method is then applied in a case study on the peristyle column of the temple of Athena Alea at Tegea. By analysing the shaft profile of the different drum combinations it is possible to give the most likely range for the column height. pp. 693-702 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:56 1996-01-01 A "TreeTexT" and pictures manager as a personal tool for object-knowledge representation in classical archaeology and history of art Eisner, M. Database Classification of archaeological finds “TreeTexT” is a formal language developed for describing the real objects (or monuments) of classical archaeology and history of art. It works with the “partitive” relation (i.e. between the whole, its parts and subparts) in order to permit the handling of complex objects such as Greek or Roman temples. A “thesaurus” allows to establish terminologies based upon the “generic” relation (i.e. between more or less explicit descriptors). A software package manages not only a specific textual retrieval at every described detail level of complex objects but also possibly related pictorial information. pp. 703-711 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:237 1996-01-01 L'informatica e la decifrazione dei testi egei Godart, L. History of applications and research projects Epigraphy and numismatics Three different scripts, Hieroglyphic, Linear A and Linear B are attestated in the Aegean between 2200 and 1200 BC The first two of these scripts, Hieroglyphic and Linear A are still undeciphered. The best possibilities of decipherment seem to be linked with Linear A, a script which is very near to the Linear B deciphered by M. Ventris in 1952. In fact more than 80% of the syllabic signs of Linear A are common to Linear B.A systematic comparison between the position of each sign common to Linear A and Linear B will probably give us the possibility to improve the phonetic value of the Linear A signs and so permit to read Linear A. Such a work can only be done with the assistance of the computer. pp. 715-720 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:238 1996-01-01 Edizione e analisi informatica di testi: standard internazionali per la codifica dei dati testuali Adamo, G. Data encoding and metadata Epigraphy and numismatics pp. 721-734 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:239 1996-01-01 P.E.T.R.A.E. Hispaniarum Bresson, A. Navarro Caballero, M. Database Epigraphy and numismatics P.E.T.R.R.A.E. Hispaniarum, The general project PETRAE, developed at the Centre Pierre Paris, is a recording programme of Greek and Latin inscriptions. Its aim is the computer-based management of all information regarding inscriptions, such as monument, text, bibliography, and the creation of indices. All information recorded in the database can be performed by queries and retrieved; they can also be prepared in a few seconds for printing in RFT format. The programme permits also the management of inscription images. The programme PETRAE Hispaniarum is a PETRAE sub-programme. Its final aim is the collection in a single database of all inscriptions relevant to the Iberic peninsula. The database is implemented with the assistance of a series of Spanish, Portuguese and French research centres. The recording system is completely decentralized and allows each research centre to operate individually. The PETRAE equipe has already published four works in traditional form (but using computerised editorial techniques), one of which forms part of the PETRAE Hispaniarum collection. pp. 735-742 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:240 1996-01-01 Dal dato epigrafico: consistenza e composizione dei nuclei familiari Donati Giacomini, P. Statistics Epigraphy and numismatics The aim of this paper consists in analysing family-structure in a Roman community (Ariminum) using epigraphical data. Patriarchal extended family (typical of Mediterranean area) was absent in Roman age and besides we note the presence of nuclear family. Ariminenses had few children. It depends on several factors; for instance, on a high death-rate at birth, on a temporary situation of sterility in consequence of prolonged nursing, birth-control, food, living standards. Death-rate is high in the age-band 16-30 years, but only 10% of the documents contain biometric data, whose presence is closely related to the reader's emotions it could stir up. pp. 743-750 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:241 1996-01-01 Amphora epigraphy: proposals for the study of stamp contents Berni Millet, P. Database Epigraphy and numismatics This paper deals with the theoretical aspects of the manufacturing of study models through computer database programs for the instrumentum domesticum, especially in the field of Roman amphora stamps epigraphy. The stamps from the Dressel 20 amphora (Spanish olive-oil typology), of which we have thousands of examples spread principally over Rome and Western Europe, have been used as documentary information to compose the theoretical criteria. The proposed concepts for the study of stamps are the following: the "concept structure", which serves to codify and group the stamps according to their graphical image; the "concept codex" aims to codify and analyse the present elements on every stamp; the "concept family of stamps" allows to relate family groups of stamps (like variants of individuals, a workshop, or a production region). The proposed model can be used for every type of amphora stamp. We, however, recommend to principally use it on the information obtained from workshop regions, the only site from which we can decipher the complex meaning of the stamp text. pp. 751-770 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:406 1996-01-01 Schemi compositivi delle iscrizioni latine: le giustificazioni metodologiche Groppo, E. Sartori, A. Vai, C. Computer Graphics IP CAD Epigraphy and numismatics In ancient Roman world the monumental stone inscriptions had always an harmonic proportion. The metric measurement cannot define the train of their preparation; but the careful lay-out standard surely obeyed - perhaps also spontaneously - to some exact rules of the proportion (e.g. Hambidge's "dynamic symmetry", valid in some artistic fields) aimed at the primary purpose of all epigraphical expressions: the most efficacious communication. Some examples, mathematically verified by CILEA, are sown here. pp. 771-785 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:242 1996-01-01 GHISA: programma informatico per la elaborazione dei testi cuneiformi in lingua hurrica Parmegiani, N. Database Epigraphy and numismatics Beside the publication of the whole texts according homogeneous groups with different glossaries, the program of Hurrian inscriptions Corpus (ChS) is aimed at assembling in transcription form all the cuneiform texts in Hurrian languages from the imperial archives of Bogazkoy (Part I) and from the other archives of the Ancient Near East (Part II). For this reason a software called GHISA (Glossario Hurrico, Ittito, Sumerico ed Accadico) has been created; this permits the elaboration of texts and the production of glossaries and thesauri of the various languages included in the texts (Hurrian, Hittite, Sumerian and Akkadian). The first output of the glossary and the thesaurus will be presented in alphabetical order (function "A" automatic), and following a morphological basis (function "R" reasoned) which can be continually updated. The collection of the whole transliterated material, as well the glossaries, will be published in the volumes of the Hurrian Corpus, while the thesauri will be a consultation tool for textual analysis and linguistic interpretation. pp. 787-793 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:243 1996-01-01 Il progetto CAIE (Corpus Automatizzato delle Iscrizioni Etrusche) Pandolfini, M. Database Epigraphy and numismatics The CAIE project aims to create a database collecting all the Etruscan monuments with inscriptions and to give, at the same time, critical importance not only at the text but also at the extra-linguistic context (i.e. elements regarding the origin and characteristics of the inscribed object, graphic peculiarities etc.). The purpose is a new and complex collection of Etruscan texts which, taking advantage of the power of computer databases, can deal at the same time with both information about the monument and its inscriptions; therefore, the program FUL/TEXT has been chosen, as an Information Retrieval System, duly adapted to the graphic particularities of the Etruscan language. At present about 5000 out of 10,000 so far known documents have been already recorded on file. pp. 795-801 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:144 1996-01-01 Archeologia e calcolatori nella prospettiva poli-disciplinare della tutela Ferrari, O. Database Theoretical and methodological problems In cataloguing the growth and refinement of cognitive data lead to a limitation of specialized sectors and in general to a weak comprehensive view of cultural phenomena. Moreover, the use of information systems in the Humanities has promoted the "vertical" investigation rather than the "horizontal" one on the poli-disciplinary horizon. The author, as an art-historian, notices in particular the inadequacy of projects devoted to the establishment of integration among various phenomena related to different cultures and periods of time. Some recent works in the historic-artistical sector of studies have turned again to the archaeological world and to its heritage with a deep sensibility of historicization. In this way they are moving towards a more dynamic cultural dialectic. Therefore the author feels that a collaboration between archaeologists and art-historians is necessary in order to translate their own knowledge into repertories (and therefore in safeguarding tools) and then into more complex historical judgements. pp. 805-808 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:145 1996-01-01 Towards a computer information system for the archaeological sites and for the monuments in Rhodes Zarifis, N. GIS and cartography Cultural Resource Management In the Archaeological Institute of the Dodecanese, the need for establishing an information system has been evident for many years. The Est expansion in personal computing systems and the development of GÌS during the fast years have provided the possibility of its realisation. Three major projects are under development. The first covers the monuments on the whole island of Rhodes, the second deals with the Ancient City of Rhodes and the third examines the Old Town of Rhodes as a living monument. Experiments with digital editing of photographs have provided us with a useful tool in presenting archaeological information. Computer aided design is occasionally used in case studies of monuments. The digital information system itself, with all restrictions due to hardware and software limitations, encourages, in a way, a more clearly defined and better organised data collection procedure. The transformation of a non-computerised to a computer-supported institution is a long procedure. Data input has always been a major difficulty. Due to this fact the full potential of the information system has never been realised. The system depends highly on the continuous data import and information updating and, as such, its accuracy and usefulness are highly vulnerable. pp. 809-819 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:146 1996-01-01 DELTOS: a documentation system for the administration of site monuments and preserved buildings Bekiari, Ch. Bitzou, Th. Calomirakis, D. Caretsou, A. Chronaki, D. Constantopoulos, P. Gritzapi, C. Lagogianni, M. Database Cultural Resource Management DELTOS II is an information system covering the needs for documentation, conservation and administration of site monuments and preserved buildings. It offers map display, supports large data volume, storage and display of multimedia data (mostly images and free text) and drawing facilities. DELTOS has been developed by the Institute of Computer Science, FORTH, in dose collaboration with the 23rd Ephorate of Classical and Prehistoric Antiquities and the l3th Ephorate of Byzantine and Postbyzantine Antiquities. The system has been installed at the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Crete, Greece and is currently in the initial stage of exploitation. pp. 821-829 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:148 1996-01-01 L'informatica come risorsa decisiva nella gestione del patrimonio archeologico: le attività dell'Istituto Beni Culturali della Regione Emilia Romagna Guermandi, M.P. Database Cultural Resource Management The author illustrates the activity of Istituto Beni Culturali (IBC), the cultural institution of Regione Emilia Romagna with regard to the use of new technology in cultural heritage. IBC, a unique example in Italy, has created in 1990 a public company to manage the public resources and to coordinate the computerized cataloguing of the regional cultural heritage: the Centro Regionale per il Catalogo (CRC). Since 1993 IBC administers a regional museum fund (L.R. 20/90) and holds a major role in programming the regional policy in the field of local authority museums and cataloguing of museum objects. The Documentation Centre of IBC has elaborated the guidelines for recording information about objects preserved in local museum: our main aim is to provide every museum with a system to perform some essential activities; administration and cataloguing over all. As regards to cataloguing rules we follow the ICCD directives (precataloguing cards) in order to create a regional archive of cultural heritage conserved in museums. As regards software we have chosen an information retrieval system, Odysseus, very flexible and developed in a modular way. Actually Odysseus is used to catalogue museum cultural heritage, to realize data bases for the Internet and to realize archaeological maps. pp. 837-848 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:147 1996-01-01 Integration of distributed databases Cohen, R. Database Cultural Resource Management The Israel Antiquities authority, established in 1990, is responsible for over 25,000 archaeological sites in Israel. Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem is the headquarters of the Israel Antiquities authority (IAA). The IAA began its computerization program in 1991. In 1991 there were a total of five XT computers throughout the IAA al lowing it to facilitate an integrated system between the database used by archaeologists in the field and the database in the central computer of the Rockefeller Museum. Excavator 2001, the database used by archaeologists in the field, is built on a FoxPro database. The database of the central computer is known as the Antiquity System and is built on a Oracle database. In the final analysis our aim is to create a national database consisting of the vast material and objects obtained by hundreds of archaeologists working in the field. In addition to the artifacts and data which are currently being processed and integrated into the new system, we are also in the process of cataloguing hundreds of thousands of artefacts which are discovered and stored prior to the development of the national database system. pp. 831-835 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:149 1996-01-01 Il Sistema Informativo Regionale sui Beni Culturali della Lombardia (S.I.R.Be.C.) Garlandini, A. Medici, T. Database Cultural Resource Management S.I.R.Be.C. is a multimedia project of Regione Lombardia. It began in 1993 and it is now carried out with the collaboration of twenty four museums, eleven Provinces and seven Dioceses. By the year 2000, the project aims at establishing: - a computerized inventory (data and images) of Lombardy's cultural property; - a regional information system of Lombardy's cultural property, consisting of a central multimedia data base, a regional computer network and a regional documentation centre; - a coordinate network of the documentation centres and the data bases belonging to museums, to public and private institutions and to the Church. S.I.R.Be.C. cooperates with the National Ministry for Cultural Property - Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione I.C.C.D. and with police units aimed at repressing illicit traffic in cultural property. pp. 849-858 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:150 1996-01-01 La collezione numismatica di Francesco Gnecchi. Un archivio informatizzato Balbi de Caro, S. Conticello, A. Fiandanese, G. Nicolai, R.M. Database Cultural Resource Management Francesco Gnecchi was one of the most important Roman coin collectors between the XIX and XX Century. His collection, consisting of about 20,000 pieces, was purchased in 1923 without any related document. In 1933 the epistular archive owned by one of the Gnecchi heires was found. The study of the archive allows us to have important information concerning the purchase of pieces and, consequently, their origin. To make possible a systematic analysis, the archive has been stored with a scanner on a computer system and an appropriate retrieval program has been developed. pp. 859-862 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:151 1996-01-01 Un progetto di ricerca e documentazione di siti archeologici situati lungo una linea di costa Panella, S. Database Cultural Resource Management The project, carried out under the scientific direction of the Istituto di Studi Liguri and the Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione, is aimed at the study of 250 archaeological sites located in the coastline facing the Calabria, Sicilia, Basilicata, Abruzzo, Molise, Marche e Puglia regions. This area offers an homogeneous archaeological context, characterised by itineraries of both commercial and military traffic, which gave rise to trade and settlement phenomena. The research activity involves, for each site, field studies as well as filing and documentation. The project requires also the creation of a database, containing not only alphanumeric but also cartographic data and images. The filing is conformed to the rules established by the Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione. pp. 863-871 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:152 1996-01-01 Banca Dati di Pompei. Programma per la consultazione della Banca Dati di Pompei (con immagini delle campagne fotografiche svolte dal 1977 al 1981) Parise Badoni, F. Fano, M. Remotti, D. Agnoli, N. Database Cultural Resource Management The present database was established during the special photographic and documentation survey of the Pompei archaeological area. This survey, promoted and realized by the Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione, began in 1977 and until 1981 produced about 25,000 black and white photographs of paintings, floors and objects still in situ, and in the last years, about 4000 colour photographs. The database, initially devoted only to specialised users, contains the alphanumerical files relevant to this photographic survey, and is aimed in primis at the retrieval of images. In order to render the database accessible to a wider public, the programme needed an up-dating, which has been inserted in a more ambitious project, aimed at the creation of a CD-Rom containing the alphanumeric database and a good number of images. pp. 873-877 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:153 1996-01-01 Il progetto ARGOS ad Atene Benvenuti, A.G. Database Cultural Resource Management The ARGOS (Archaelogical Greek On-line System) Project proposes to create the most comprehensive bibliography on ancient Mediterranean civilizations and their cultural heritage, through a computerized union catalogue of the archaeological Libraries of the Institutions, foreign and Greek, in Athens. Their joint holdings, amounting to over 500,000 volumes covering the full range of Hellenic studies of all periods, including language, literature and thought, archaeology and history of art, ancient, medieval and modern history, topography, ethnology and folklore, are the most important in this field and are of world interest. By so linking these Libraries, we will make Athens the capital of learning in Mediterranean studies, effectively a new Alexandria. In addition, bibliographic information on articles published in journals and collective works will supplement the database of books. Readers in each Library will have direct access to the entire database, using multilingual menus and a detailed subject thesaurus to learn of bibliography and to locate the Library in which it is held. pp. 879-884 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:166 1996-01-01 ARCHEOGRAF: agility for the documentation of archaeological excavations Valdés, L. Martinez, I.M. Pujana, I. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration In archaeology, when data is gathered directly at the digging, we face a long series of steps that slow down and complicate this process. In general, they are inconveniences assumed by the archaeologist with no further ado; they are a drawback associated with or inherent in field work. But these circumstances may or may not be acceptable; they may or may not influence the quality of the interpretation, enable short term review or have unintentionally manipulated it by selecting what and how we document at the digging. When we work with serious time restrictions, with a limited budget and in poor conditions and at the same time want to get the best documentation to safeguard for the future and to be able to use during the development and study process, our attitude changes and we would wish to have an option that streamlines those vexatiously slow moments. That is when we ponder the options for automating as many processes as possible in the field. Since 1985, we have been working on a digging, the uniqueness of which makes us wish to document each step with total accuracy. The information arises, sometimes, after many square meters of opened surface. Therefore we cannot fail to document anything. Add to this the fact that che digging itself and the interpretation of the place gave rise to a flood of controversy. Therefore there exists a double need to document the site completely. The work involved in drawing the charts and profiles soon became vexatiously, slow. The very numerous elements of interest that we wanted and the succession of layers of information were a "bottleneck" where the economic budget vaporised. It was at the beginning of the work when we thought about "streamlining" through selective gathering of data. But we did not do so; we looked for alternatives, we tried them out and we substantially improved the performance. In the final analysis, we had only improved the results in the field. We still had two steps left in the laboratory and, at the end, we would have only one rigid and modifiable chart at a very high cost. We all know how economic fluctuations effect budgets for digging. We needed to reduce our drawing costs in the field as well as in the laboratory in order to be able to destine that time and money to other segments of the research. Since 1993, an interdisciplinary team has been working on the ARCHEOGRAF project. Right from the start we focused on obtaining a tool that would assist drawing for diggings and that would reduce cost and time within a framework of four basic requirements: 1) be as universal as possible, 2) be totally computerised, 3) be easy and accurate and 4) be accessible for archaeologists. Today this tool is a reality meeting all the requirements that we had set out and opening new expectations for more advanced versions. pp. 887-899 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:167 1996-01-01 Digital data and the conservation of the historic built environment Wood, J. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration This paper illustrates the importance of digital records for the conservation of historic buildings and sites. The various survey techniques appropriate for the production of graphic documentation are explained, with an outline of the advantages of processing within a CAD environment. It introduces the debate on the scope and level of recording, and identifies problems and opportunities requiring further research. Finally, the paper stresses the need for integrated project management, and the development of recording strategies in conjunction with all other professional bodies involved in the conservation process. pp. 901-905 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:168 1996-01-01 Come usare AutoCAD e vivere ugualmente felici (l'ennesimo sistema per la raccolta dei dati storico-conservativi) Buzzanca, G. Giorgi, E. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration This research project on the graphic documentation used in restoration grew out of a collaboration between ICCROM and the ICR. Among the objectives of the group were the formation of a documentation technique and the development of a useful, light and user friendly information instrument for the registration of graphic and documentary data. The principle goal was to reach a situation in which the restorer/conservator or the draughtsman could record, in a definitive way and directly on site, all the data related to the mapping techniques, distinct for each category and class, which characterise the graphic documentation of a restoration operation, without having to give up their personal happiness. This should be accomplished without altering in a drastic way the intrinsic complexity of the software used, while avoiding any prior hyper-specialist technical preparation. It is on site that it is necessary, to maximise tbc enormous potential offered by data elaboration systems that can store and process such enormous amounts of data in a simple way. There are two major classes of problems to solve. On the one hand all the psychological barrieres created by the personal resistance of the technicians strongly, and sometimes emotionally, tied on their role as documenters armed with pencils and crayons. On the other hand all the problems of a technical nature that are linked to the digital acquisition of the graphic base, to the planning of the form of the documentation, to the standardization of the topology of the hatch patterns and the personalization of the accessory procedures to the CAD programme. pp. 907-916 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:276 1996-01-01 Il contributo della cartografia numerico-digitale nel rilevamento architettonico e territoriale come base conoscitiva di analisi delle tessiture murarie e dello sviluppo storico urbano Peduto, P. Peduto, A. Santoro, U. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Studies in historic urban sites are very important for the defence and conservation of monuments and to preserve buildings. In this context particular consideration has to be used to layer-object, that is submerged structures and what is adjacent. With modern tools for photogrammetry bearing we can have numerical cartography with topological entities; it offers the means for structural and spatial study of objects. This can be drawn from their context and returned in 3D after some inspections. Useful elements can be added to numerical-cartographic maps by digital orthoimages resulting in mapping and storage operations. Our software inputs four files: - a tiff file storing the orthoimage - an ascii file with .par extension (the aim of this extension, like the following ones, is only indicative) containing rotoscalotraslation coefficients - an ascii file with .dtm extension containing che (x-y-z) coordinates of some generic points - an ascii file with .brk extension containing the (x-y-z) coordinates of some break-line points. Fundamental characteristic of this software is the possibility of recording orthoimages with no loss of geometrical information. The implemented functions include the possibility of displaying the orthoimage on PC screen, zoom in and zoom out, showing the geographic coordinates (East, North) in real time, creating more layouts for drawing, calculating distance between polygons, lines or points, calculating areas and perimeters, showing the altitude (approximation), displaying a DTM (digital terrain model). The interface is very friendly. Now our goal is rendering this prototype independent from its development environment. pp. 917-921 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:170 1996-01-01 Archaeological building reconstruction and the physical analysis of excavation documents Steckner, C. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration Visual information is not only a source for multimedia applications. Every mapped but also represents a location in 3D space. So any bit-mapped visualisation of a surface also represents the 3D hull of an object. Therefore visual information is a source to rescore the shape of physical solids from their "envelopping" closed surfaces, and serves as the information needed to reconstruct buildings and their related artefacts. In respect of 3D surface measurement, a "virtual reality" is understood as a virtual solid in its original size to be measured and analysed. These measurable world object simulations represent the information of form to shape three-dimensional things. These are not brought to physical existence, but represent measurable solids to analyse statistically controlled properties with their related and following functions. From the photograph of a broken amphora the body is completed to calculate its weight and volume and even the fitting shape of the boat to transport a load. Of course the same model of extrapolation applied to buildings will not focus the statics of buildings but the environmental building physics and its following functions. pp. 923-938 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:171 1996-01-01 Digital imaging of standing buildings in Insula VI,1 at Pompeii Bon, S.E. Jones, R. Kurchin, B. Robinson, D.J. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration The large-scale recording and investigation of standing archaeological monuments by conventional methods presents considerable problems of labour and expense. Modern techniques provide cost-effective methods applied in Pompeii, using widely available technology in digital imaging, computer hardware and software. These approaches provide important benefits both for research and for conservation policies. They facilitate the analysis of the structural history of the buildings, which forms a crucial part of the research programme of the Anglo-American Pompeii Project. However their advantages for the speedy documentation of the current condition of extensive areas of standing monuments are of more general application. pp. 939-950 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:172 1996-01-01 AutoCAD for archaeology. A new era in archaeology Messika, N.R. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration The paper presents a new method in analysing archaeological data using computer programs-mainly AUTOCAD with AME. The method combines recording of archaeological field work (such as survey topographical maps, drawing plans and sections) - with analysing layers, strata and artifacts in 3-D view. It was also used in other projects in this region, mainly for studying large architectural elements. Our method provides a more accurate device, and opens new possibilities in examining current archaeological issues. pp. 951-954 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:174 1996-01-01 Digitization of the O'Gorman's mural at the central library of the National University of Mexico Lucet, G. Casas, A. Chanfón, C. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration A discussion is made about the problem of the graphic registering of a large mural, symbol of the Mexican culture of the fifties. Vantages of digital information are well known. Nevertheless, digitization of a 3712 m2 mural in order to capture information of the state of the mural before and after restoration, and analyse damages applying image processing tools, oblige to a solution that takes into account the particularities of the problem. The solution must ensure high precision of the survey to be a tool for restorators and must control general snapshot conditions to obtain images with equal characteristic that will allow the repetition of the same algorithm for the "Computer Aided Restoration" step. How were selected pixel definition, image size, camera location, image acquisition and digitization systems, and enlightenment condition was controlled? These are the topics developed in the present work. pp. 955-961 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:173 1996-01-01 Un sistema esperto a supporto della scelta di intervento conservativo su beni culturali Mello, E. Arias, C. Simulation AI Conservation and restoration The computer system SEMPRE (Sistema Esperto Montedison per il Restauro) was carried out as a support for the conservation of cultural heritage metal and stone objects. By two basic functions it may give information about the techniques and the products to be employed and may retrieve related examples in reference archives. The user can represent and save his knowledge of the case within the system by these two functions. pp. 963-972 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:175 1996-01-01 Simulazione e/o Seduzione (la rappresentazione mediante modelli di reperti, relitti, oggetti ed altro) Meucci, C. Buzzanca, G. Simulation AI Conservation and restoration By using a mathematical model it is possible to express a formal representation of any object: such a representation is expressed in numerical language and is not automatically influenced by the physical object under study; rather it expresses "knowledge and ideas" relative to the phenomenon that, by means of models, is "interpreted" in this way. In general a model is an object that is constructed artificially in order to simplify the observation of another object. The intention is not to modify the actual physical properties of the things, but rather to represent ideal objects so as to be able to analyse their ideal properties. This allows the collection of information concerning real objects. Our research intends to verify the possibility of the use of mathematical analysis conducted using the method of reconstruction of finished elements on models that are reproduced with increased accuracy; the objects of this modelling have been archaeological shipwrecks. We have attempted to reconstruct, by means of data elaboration systems, realistic models of real objects without relapsing into specific logistics of pure modelling and/or pure mathematical research. The procedures that we followed derived from precise projectual needs, from the particular technical solutions available notwithstanding the restrictions imposed by the usable resources. It is necessary to use these calculation methods since they allow us to describe correctly, three dimensionally, the elementary geometry of the object while respecting rigorously the presence of the real one in the same space. In this way the use of information techniques is not reduced to a mere touch of modernity on the traditional techniques but becomes a meaningful support to the design procedure. This presentation shows some concrete examples and some lines of research that are presently being followed. pp. 973-982 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:206 1996-01-01 Le traitement de l'information en archéologie: archivage, publication et diffusion Guimier-Sorbets, A.-M. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education This paper deals with a particular aspect of computer-based data management in archaeology: the recording, publication and diffusion of archaeological information. The author stresses the particular character of archaeology: it is not an experimental science, but rather a learning discipline in which data should be cumulative, as each excavation involves the destruction of some previous information and, in general, each intervention, both of excavation or of conservation, gives new information that must be added to the existing ones. Therefore, the author investigates three fundamental topics with their relevant examples: the recording of excavation data, sites and objects or structures analysed and restored; the publication and diffusion of scientific results aimed at specialists; the diffusion of results towards a widespread public. In all these aspects, computer-based tools constitute a basic element. The author, in fact, maintains that their introduction and improvement will not only modify the archaeological professional experience and the way of operating, but will also affect the methodological and epistemological point of view. pp. 985-995 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:207 1996-01-01 The East Mediterranean Pottery Project. Exchange of specialized data on the information superhighway Louhivuori, M. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The information superhighway, technology has made it possible to create world wide multiple server databases for scientific and humanistic research. These allow a deeper level of exchange of data in archaeology than news services and information about excavation projects. The archaeological information passed along Internet channels is bringing scholars to think together in a way never before seen in the history of the research. The Israel Antiquities authority East Mediterranean Pottery Project is an attempt to enable searches on multiple database servers containing information about ceramic objects in museum and private collections. The search engine is based on HTML forms that provides a platform and operating system independent environment required by a widely distributed database search. The two main obstacles in the expanding of the system are terminological problems arising from language and usage differences and the Jack of a common system for type identification. The suggested solutions include the creating or adopting on local level of a pottery Thesaurus that allows extensive conceptual aliasing between distributed databases and the adopting of the DELTA syntax for passing typological identification keys between different databases. The future will show how the launching of the EMP project will be received by the international community and what is the growth potential of this and other similar scientific projects appearing on the information superhighway. pp. 997-1002 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:208 1996-01-01 Per un Thesaurus della ceramica greca. Programma per la fruizione remota di immagini e testi di tipo archeologico con la possibile strutturazione di un database Marzi, M.G. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education A programme for the remote access of archaeological images and texts has been set up by myself and Dr. O. Casazza, who works in the Department of Advanced Technology at the Uffizi Gallery, and has taken part in the RAMA project (Remote Access to Museums Archives) since 1994. The main aim of the RAMA project is to develop a multimedia system which allows museum to give access to their archives via telecommunication networks. Without changing the museum archives organisation, the RAMA system provides remote access to existing museum database using broad band telecommunication networks to transmit texts, still images, videoclip and sounds. Our project consists of several parts: 1) Experimentation of RAMA system in the archaeological sphere in order to point out advantages, faults and all changes of the research. For this experimentation the Beazley archive of Oxford has been used; 2) Chances of using RAMA system through the structures of the Unità Operativa CNR - Uffizi supervised by DIE (Department of Electronic Engineering - University of Florence) supervised by Prof. Vito Cappellini as RIG (Roma Interest Group) and/or RUG (Ram User Group); 3) Creation of a card, using images for a following Implementation of a database. This database is useful for the archives of photos and drawing, e.g. the Banti archives and the Paribeni archives of the University of Florence. pp. 1003-1010 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:209 1996-01-01 AmberWeb: progetto di un polo Internet sull'ambra Negroni Catacchio, N. Padula, M. Massari, A. Raposso, B. Setti, B. Tosi, M.L. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education In the long term amber research work programme, carried out by the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Milan, an Internet node project has been recently created with the collaboration of the Institute of Informatic Multimedia Technologies of the C.N.R. of Milan, to facilitate the collection, the registration and the exchange of multi disciplinary information on this argument. This node is based on files, organised on different fields of interest (such as the archaeological, literal, geological, chemical, paleobotanic or paleozoological one), and it can be looked up in different kinds of paths by various users. The file consists of cards, texts, images and bibliographic information in the shape of hypertext. It can be adapted with the contributions of external users, passed through specific tools and e-mail. Among the numerous file nodes, the archaeological one is now the best structured and it gives more elaborated and articulated paths, as many different researches can be made with direct interviews - of multiple shapes - as well as with paths, guided by links set up by key words or sensitive maps. pp. 1011-1026 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXVI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:210 1996-01-01 Internet e numismatica: la catalogazione e la ricerca Serafin, P. Tucci, S. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The use of electronic equipment and resources in the storage of written and image data is described. In particular, it is shown how, on the occasion of a coin exhibition, the multimediality was successful in joining news about the history of coinage with the coin files data base. The immersion of this web in the Internet let a conspicuous number of clients ask queries, either for general or for scientific interest. Finally, we think that if a good number of data banks could be gathered in a single web, we could reach the aim to obtain a great "Coin Data Bank" from different sites, in the respect of their single peculiarities. pp. 1027-1038 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:211 1996-01-01 EULOGIA: a hypermedia application for museum cataloguing enriched with SGML encoding Drandaki, A. Simulation AI Data dissemination and education The aim of the project is the design and development of a hypermedia application, exploiting University of Westminster's IDEAs system facilities, with the addition of SGML encoding support. Our target application is based on the Benaki Museum Byzantine Collection of icons and artefacts. However we envision the end application as a dynamic generic tool and we have focused our efforts in making provision to cover the multiple needs of all the Benaki Museum Collections through the application's functions. The project is being realised at the University of Westminster's Artificial Intelligence Division in close collaboration with the Benaki Documentation Department. Particular consideration has been given to visual data. The main facilities of the IDEAs system include: free text search with no limitations in the quantity or structure of the source information; hypermedia facilities and automatic cross-referencing and updating between different frames of information. The idea to include in our application Standard Generalised Markup Language encoding was germinated by our concern to find a reliable way of exchanging on-line data with other museums. We believe that the described service will offer the ground for a new type of on-line archaeological applications, by forming an accessible and explicit structure for the documentation of museum information. pp. 1039-1046 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:212 1996-01-01 Modelling occurences in cultural documentation Christoforaki, M. Constantopoulos, P. Doerr, M. Simulation AI Data dissemination and education CLIO, developed by ICS-FORTH, is a system for cultural documentation purposes of museums. It serves as a scientific catalogue of museum artifacts, as opposed to the basic documentation and administrative purposes served by usual collections management systems. It supports artifact descriptions as temporal, geographical, cultural, historical contexts; style, technique, usage, and physical data information. It allows to express certain and uncertain knowledge as well as opinions. In this paper we address the notions of existence, events and causality, referring to them collectively as notions of occurrence, within a conceptual modelling framework and in the context of developing a general ontology for cultural documentation. Particular attention is given to the representation of relations on which historical and other inferences can be based. We present a new approach, which takes mutual dependencies between time and space into account. pp. 1047-1060 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:213 1996-01-01 The versatility of a conservation database designed on image processing equipment van der Meulen, D. Database Data dissemination and education The conservation section of the Antiquities Department in the Ashmolean Museum is currently developing a database for the conservation treatment records as well as the photographs and x-rays, using image processing equipment. 4th Dimension First was chosen for the database as this was the only off the shelf software available at the time, that was capable of handling both text and image based data. The article describes the design of the text database and discusses the positive and negative aspects of the software package as experienced by the conservation team. Also mentioned are applications of the database and its future developments such as the design of the image database. To conclude about the database package, 4D First is a versatile program with a large amount of options, although not always straightforward and user friendly to begin with, it was found that it certainly would do the job well. pp. 1061-1069 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:214 1996-01-01 Tradizione e innovazioni: alcune riflessioni sulla comunicazione nei musei Pagliani, M.L. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The author describes the difficulties in making good use of Personal Computers for educational finality in Italian museum. These difficulties are produced by computer world disorder and by collections complexity. A good solution may be to realize a general communication's plan for museum. Therefore Personal Computers acquire a specific role in connection with the other media. pp. 1071-1076 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:215 1996-01-01 Didattica e informatica nei musei archeologici: un binomio incompiuto. Riflessioni a margine di una indagine in museo Guermandi, M.P. Santoro Bianchi, S. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The paper illustrates the role of interactive multimedia for museum professionals in Emilia Romagna region. Their introduction is affecting the role of the traditional museum, but their effectiveness for exhibition interpretation has not been explored in depth until now. The authors discuss the problems that museum professionals have had in the use, implementation and evaluation of multimedia: the main is the lack of an adequate communications strategy in the museum educational projects. The paper presents the results of a survey on the use of multimedia program in an archaeological museum in Emilia Romagna. The evaluation project was carried out with different groups of one targeted audience: schoolchildren. The evaluation has investigated if visitors spend more time with the objects after using the application or are they distracted and absorbed by the novelty of the technology, and in general if the program creates a positive attitude towards archaeology and museums. pp. 1077-1089 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:216 1996-01-01 Museografia e informatica: la ricostruzione virtuale della tomba menfita del generale Horemheb Gottarelli, A. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The archaeological Museum of Bologna has produced a graphic computerized video on the Saqqara tomb of General Horemheb and its reliefs. At the beginning of the nineteenth century merchants of archaeological antiquities emptied the tomb: some of the reliefs which decorated its walls were taken away and sold to various European and North-American museums. Five of these are now in the Archaeological Museum of Bologna. In the years which followed its first discovery, the tomb was newly covered by the sand of the desert and was found out again only in 1975 by G. Martin. The publication of these excavations enabled experts to develop an hypothesis of the tomb reconstruction which has been subsequently reproduced on a video that allows visitors to enter Horemheb tomb "virtually". The video has been made by Antonio Gottarelli (TE.M.P.L.A. Tecnologie Multimediali per l'Archeologia): it will be available for sale on CD (interactive version) and videotape. A small portion of the video, a few seconds with reduced spatial dimensions, is available at: http://www.comune.bologna.it/bologna1/Cultura/Museicomun/Archeologico/VirtualEgyptian.htm1. pp. 1091-1099 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXVIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:217 1996-01-01 Un programma multimediale per Monte Sirai Bartoloni, P. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education In addition to the objects exhibited in the show-cases, the "Villa Sulcis" Archaeological Civic Museum in Carbonia enables the visitors to integrate their knowledge of the archaeological settlement of Monte Sirai (which is about 6 km away from the town) and to adequately visit it. In fact, two multimedia work-stations were recently established in the Museum, that illustrate a programme on the Phoenician and Punic settlement. The work-stations include a computer and a big screen and are located in two rooms, one of which is expressly equipped for students. The programme is articulated in five different sections which, other than present information collected in more than thirty years of research, gives also the results obtained during the last excavations. The documentation is made up of maps, drawings and photographs. In addition to the introduction, the four remaining sections are divided on the base of topics, identified by the following key-words: "History", "House", "Death" and "Sacred". pp. 1101-1104 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:218 1996-01-01 The Euesperides project: design and evaluation of a hypermedia program for an archaeological exhibition Economou, M. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education This paper focuses on the Euesperides program, a hypermedia application for the public presentation and interpretation of archaeology and the main issues related to its design and evaluation. The project was set up in Oxford in order to explore some of the questions concerning the effectiveness of multimedia for exhibition interpretation. The computer program presents the history and archaeology of the classical Greek colony Euesperides in North Libya. The application was designed for a temporary exhibition organized by the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford in autumn 1995. It aimed to offer contextual and interpretive information about the objects on display, and also to demonstrate aspects of archaeological theory and practice. The paper discusses the structure of the program and the ways user input affected design choices. At several stages through the design process, formative evaluation was carried out with different groups of the targeted audience (schoolchildren, adults, students). This offered valuable feedback about the content, language, screen design, navigation, and user interface of the program. Summative evaluation was also conducted to explore the use of the hypermedia program by the visitors in the gallery. The paper refers to the methodology used, outlines the questions that the survey addressed, and presents the first results. pp. 1105-1115 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:219 1996-01-01 Tecniche multimediali per la fruizione dei beni culturali Ruvo, C. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education On the occasion of this Symposium, we have reported on the new results of research activity on multimedia techniques, that Ceaprelda srl has been developing from many years in the field of cultural heritage. Our latest products (Etruschi-Etruria meridionale, Paestum, Campi Flegrei - 2° ed.), archaeological and artistical itineraries, have been now all realized on CD Rom, allowing a great development of technical potentialities as to the old floppy disk; CD use allowed us to make progress above all in the aspects of sounds, of quantity and quality of images, of animation (with complex and faithful reconstruction of ancient buildings, realized in 3D Studio on the base of archaeological surveys). To design the programme structure we have considered the reference of HDM (Hypermedia Design Model), but the products are not more realized in DB Fast 2.0, like for floppy version, but in Visual Basic 4.0. We have also elaborated a proposal to avoid the complex problem of incompatibility between "spreading communication" and "scientific communication" in the sphere of cultural heritage: we have provided for introduction in our multimedia itineraries of a section named "Lavori in corso" ("Works in progress") with a marked scientific feature, containing recent discoveries, researches and studies results and the most important cultural activities in the area of our itineraries. We believe, in this way, to have created a product for cultural fruition that, thanks to technological progress, gives widespread information aimed to specialists, and also makes them available to a wider public, not necessarily specialized in that sector. pp. 1117-1131 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXIX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXL_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXXXVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:220 1996-01-01 PAN e ZOO. Un progetto ipermediale di didattica dell'archeologia preistorica e dell'archeozoologia Arias, C. Baviera, T. Gabrielli, F. Verola, M.L. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The lack of palethnological handbooks has been covered by book publishing for the last ten years. Two subjects were chosen for experimental teaching: prehistoric archaeology and archaeozoology. The core of the work consists of more than seven hundred images (b/w and colour reproductions coming from various sources) and more than one hour of original filming (reproduction of flint implement knapping and ceramic vessel shaping in prehistory). pp. 1133-1146 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:221 1996-01-01 Vers une édition multimédia en archéologie Arcelin, P. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education It is a truism to state that the publication of the results of archaeological research in France is going through a critical phase. The increase in the need for publication, mainly of the results of excavations and the initial outcome of their analyses, has become so large that we are now facing a recurrence of the difficulties of one generation ago! Limited budgets, glutting of the editorial pathways, new qualitative demands, also on the part of the research workers, for the diffusion of their results (e.g. colour) all concur towards a situation where the edition on paper ot the traditional journals or series no longer meets present-day expectations. The introduction of the new vectors of electronic writing like the Internet, and particularly CD-ROM because or its possibilities of volumetric transcription at a lower cost, is now an unavoidable option in the editorial field of the discipline on the threshold of the XXI century. pp. 1147-1156 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:222 1996-01-01 Le programme ISIS-PART: un partenariat de chercheurs Gran-Aymerich, J. Database Data dissemination and education The aim of this article is the description of: 1) the characteristics of the UNESCO's ISIS information system; 2) the general structure of the PART programme realized in Paris at the CNRS, and then developed in Tübingen (Archaeological lnstitute of the University) and Rome (Ecole Française), within an European research programme on la Castellina near Civitavecchia; 3) the use on-line of this database and the characteristics of its application by a group of scholars that are carrying out similar archaeological research. pp. 1157-1166 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:223 1996-01-01 Multimedia methods for excavation reports and archives using Microcosm Wolle, A.-C. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education This paper presents an update of my work on producing a tool for compiling and organizing electronic excavation archives with hypermedia function. The key to providing a usable tool lies in its flexibility to be incorporated with existing practices and software. As much data is already being processed and stored on computer, it would be an advantage to be able to continue using this data in its present format, without having to alter it. Therefore a program has been designed that will be able to cope with the diversity of formats in use and allow most users to continue their existing practices with existing programs and data collections, but with the added functionality and improved data access. The Open Hypermedia System MICROCOSM, which provides a useful and flexible framework to group the data within the excavation report lay-out, is being adapted for archaeological requirements. While MICROCOSM already offers good data organization and linking facilities that do not need to be improved further, tools that will aim to solve archaeological problems are being added. This involves the writing of a number of Visual Basic programs which will then perform these functions. pp. 1167-1177 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:224 1996-01-01 Death on screen!: SPANS Explorer visits the underworld Papailiopoulos, D. Baxevani, E. GIS and cartography Data dissemination and education Over the years, the subject of archaeological publications, with regard to their style, format, content, and size, has been extensively debated. Nevertheless, all debates have axiomatically accepted that when talking about archaeological publications this automatically implies that we practically speak about the production of a book. Recent advances in Information Technology, supported by copyright legislative amendments, however, have forced us to reconsider this axiom; it is possible nowadays to replace the book, as we all knew it, with electronic presentation platforms and computer Cds. The computer hardware and software market now offers a variety of fairy sophisticated and relatively cheap off-the-shelf products that can be considered as both adequate and reliable publication platforms. Such a product is SPANS Explorer which is presented in this paper as an illustrative example. pp. 1179-1193 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n7_tavXLI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:225 1996-01-01 Internet Archaeology: an international electronic journal for archaeology Heyworth, M. Richards, J.D. Ross, S. Vince, A. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The Council for British Archaeology (CBA), The British Academy, and a number of British university archaeology departments are in the process of establishing an electronic journal for archaeology. The journal will be full refereed and set a high academic standard. It will accept contributions from archaeologists throughout the world and will therefore be aimed at an international audience. Both the production and dissemination of the journal will be network-based, ultimately available to all via the Internet. The journal will publish the results of archaeological research including excavations reports (text, photographs, data, drawings, reconstructions, diagrams, interpretations), analyses of large data sets along with the data itself, visualisation, programs used to analyse the data and applications of information technology in archaeology. As well as the delivery of a regular electronic journal, the project will provide (i) a detailed description of the process of establishing and managing an electronic journal, (ii) definition of a suite of access and navigation tools that will allow the readers to use the journal, and (iii) a contribution to cultural change through the increased use of electronic media. The first issue of the journal will be available within a year from the start of the project in August 1995. This paper presents the business plan for the journal. pp. 1195-1206 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. ENG Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:14 1996-01-01 Hommage à René Ginouvès (1926-1994) Guimier-Sorbets, A.-M. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems pp. 1209-1213 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:15 1996-01-01 Archéologie et informatique aujourd'hui: quelques idées pour un débat Ginouvès, R. Guimier-Sorbets, A.-M. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems pp. 1215-1219 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:16 1996-01-01 La révolution cognitive et l'archéologie Gardin, J.-C. Simulation AI Theoretical and methodological problems Two components of the cognitive revolution are here considered in relation to archaeology: first, reflexivity, or in French "la pensée réfléchie", interested in exploration of its own process; second, computer science, which provides a useful framework for the analysis and simulation of reasoning process in a cognitive perspective. The "logicist" approach of archaeological constructs developed in France and Switzerland over the past decade follows those two axes. The present paper exposes some of the lessons gained from that research programme. One of them bears on the contribution of formal methods (logicism included) to the process of archaeological knowledge. This progress cannot be denied, despite contrary views expressed by the more radical relativists; but it seems to depend more on the empirical value of historical constructs than on their formal concerns. Another observation relates to the diversity of consequents derived from the same premises in archaeological argument, clearly brought out by logicist schematizations. Interesting questions are raised on that basis, regarding the sources and consequences of the phenomenon: (a) practical questions, such as probable changes in the functions and forms of archaeological publications; (b) theoretical issues, related to the current debate on the position of the humanities "between" Science, Literature and Common sense. pp. 1221-1230 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:12 1996-01-01 Artificial societies and cognitive archaeology Doran, J. Simulation AI Theoretical and methodological problems This paper describes an approach to the study and understanding of social processes which has recently become prominent: systematic experimentation with "artificial societies" created on computers. The contribution that this new research tool can make to a "cognitive" archaeology, is considered. It is particularly asked how artificial societies techniques may be used to enhance our understanding of the role played by rationality and by collettive belief and misbelief systems, including religious belief systems, in the initial emergente of certain types of social complexity. Experimental work discussed aims to explore the relevant insights of Paul Mellars and of Roy Rappaport. One particular set of computer based experiments demonstrates how, in certain circumstances, social groups with some of the characteristics of "cults" may arise, with long term benefit to their individuals involved. pp. 1231-1245 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:13 1996-01-01 Formalizzazione dei dati, semiotica e comunicazione Orlandi, T. Data encoding and metadata Theoretical and methodological problems Formalisation of data, which is the base of encoding procedures, raises a number of problems which should not be solved, as it is usually done, through generic intuition. Starting from Gardin's discussion of the «compilations», as distinct from «explanations», and from Gordon Childe's late epistemological propositions, the formalisation is defined as the production of structures of symbols which perfectly match the archaeological evidente as the scholars sees it. This may be done by means of different types of language; using computers requires modelling techniques. They depend on our appreciation of the evidence itself, and semiotics helps us in distinguishing between material evidence and its symbolic meaning. pp. 1247-1258 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. IT Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:11 1996-01-01 Méthode archéologique assistée par ordinateur Djindjian, F. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems It is discussed if the technological evolution of computer science in the nineties has resolved the methodological problems of the Archaeology, known since the sixties. It is concluded that the two first levels of cognitive methodology (recording and structuring) are resolved but the third and last level (reconstitution) is always the subject of sophisticated but rare experience. pp. 1259-1266 1996-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. FR Moscati P. (ed.), III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology - Roma 22-25 Novembre 1995 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. VII - 1996 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:17 1997-01-01 Archeology and GIS: the view from outside Bampton, M. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems The rapid spread of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology confronts archaeologists with a number of opportunities and several dilemmas. Presentations and discussions at the 1996 UISPP meeting in Forlì, Italy, suggested that the current contributions of GIS to archaeological zeitgeist mixes new analytical possibilities, new data management capacities and theoretical problems. The current debate surrounding these issues is useful, yet it ignores several important areas of discussion. Many of the peculiarities of spatial data and spatial analysis have so far been overlooked, as have the changing metaphors of time and space demanded by GIS. A host of entertaining possibilities await those prepared to explore some of the remoter horizons opened by GIS. pp. 9-26 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:123 1997-01-01 Metodologie statistiche e procedure informatiche per l'analisi esplorativa di dati archeologici a connotazione spaziale Espa, G. Espa, S. Gabrielli, R. Ricci, U. Righini, G. Statistics Survey and excavations Recent studies have emphasised the usefulness of a jointed employment, in historical and archaeological research, of the most advanced computer technologies with statistical methods. In this work, as an application of a Geographical Information System (GIS), we present a Matlab language program for the statistical analysis of spatial data related to ancient human settlements. The explanation of the program is preceded by some notes about the GIS, the area from which data have been collected, and the statistical methods applied to analyse the data. pp. 27-36 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n8_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:124 1997-01-01 Statistical modelling of archaeological sites locations as non-stationary cox processes and its use in forecasting Arbia, G. Espa, G. Statistics Survey and excavations The aim of this paper is to introduce a class of testable statistical models aimed at modelling archaeological sites locations (ASL) or a continuous space and at producing probability maps of ASL. These models are based on collected statistical and auxiliary information (such as information about the slope or exposure of the land, the topography, the hydrology, the topology, etc.). More explicitly the model for the ASL is based on the assumption that the location of the existing archaeological sites is fixed and that the location of new archaeological sites not yet found is a realization of a non-stationary point process depending on the spatial interaction with other existing sites, on the distance from important location or communication networks, and on a set of auxiliary variables. It is also possible to introduce into the discussion information we have about the archaeological site dimensions. In fact, it is plausible that the interaction between existing archaeological sites and candidate locations for new archaeological sites is dependent on their dimension. These models can prove valuable in that they formalize some “common sense” knowledge and can help in producing automated probability maps on a continuous space to support excavation decisions. pp. 37-41 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:125 1997-01-01 Patrones de distribución y agrupaciones espaciales: reflexiones sobre el test del vecino más próximo en 3D Wünsch, G. Statistics Survey and excavations Within the framework of the ANITES methodology, designed for the study of the spatial articulation of the archaeological record, we use a remodelled version of the nearest-neighbour in 3D, that computes the distances between three-dimensional points (x, y, z). In this paper we present some technical questions related to performances for the study of the distribution patterns and for the determination of the spatial category groups. We use a comparison between the results obtained in different data processing (El Cingle Vermell, El Roc del Migdia, Túnel VII and Punta Baja sites) to evaluate the relationships and incidence of the variables involved (values of the coefficient R, critical distance, number of effective and number of category groups). This technical evaluation shows that the test of the nearest-neighbour in 3D works for our expectation and is very useful when inserted in the framework of the ANITES methodology. pp. 43-53 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ES Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:80 1997-01-01 Spatial statistical analysis applied to magnetometric archaeological data Esquivel, J.A. Benjumea, B. Peña, J.A. Statistics Geoarchaeology Geophysical techniques applied to archaeological exploration involve specific problems of data interpretation, due to the spatial characteristics that they possess and to the particularities of material remains in archaeological sites. This work shows an application of statistical spatial analysis to the study of data in 2D coordinates together with the value of a variable z, that quantifies a spatial soil characteristic (in the magnetometric survey these values correspond to the magnetic intensity or gradient values). The analysis includes exploratory statistical non-spatial methods and other methods extracted from the statistical spatial analysis, and performs thematic maps by means of a new algorithm that finds the greater contrasts in the z values. This methodology and the algorithm have been applied to the microspatial study of magnetometric data in a Roman settlement in Las Gabias (Granada, Spain) and verified with the excavation carried out on this site. pp. 55-65 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ES http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n8_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n8_tavIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n8_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n8_tavV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:57 1997-01-01 Études des proximités dans l'espace funéraire: le cas de la nécropole occidentale de Mégara Hyblaea Iacovella, A. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds The archaeological aim of this paper is to demarcate the groups of graves within the particularly random distribution of a Greek archaic cemetery: the west necropolis of Megara Hyblaea, excavated by Paolo Orsi in 1889. The methodological aim is to observe the behaviour of four different statistical analyses applied to the same data. The selected methods take the variable of space into account, meaning: the exact location where each data has been measured (a grave is a unit). Finally, concerning graves and their location, the following question is posed: is it possible to build one typology of archaeological characteristics through the description of the procedures with which the space has been occupied? pp. 67-102 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text FR http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n8_tavVI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:58 1997-01-01 Il complesso ceramico di Conelle di Arcevia: elaborazioni statistiche applicate a una tipologia intuitiva Cazzella, A. Moscoloni, M. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds The authors identify different kinds of variability in the production of artefacts: a series of socially accepted types within a certain class of products; individual variations due to a low degree of control in the manufacture; sporadic variations for the desire for variation; variations linked to phenomena of auto-identification of single or a few producers and users versus other ones; chronological variations. The authors attempt to make connections between the different kinds of associations of features highlighted by chi square analysis in the ceramic assemblage of Conelle and those kinds of variability. pp. 103-117 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:59 1997-01-01 Un usage des tests non-paramétriques en archéologie: l'étude d'un dépôt d'archives à Délos Auda, Y. Boussac, M.-F. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds Non-parametrical tests have been used to check the validity of some hypothesis made of archaeological material (sealings on papyri kept in a Delian archive destroyed by a fire in 69 BC). Although these tests deal only with a part of the corpus, the validity of the results should not be questioned. pp. 119-128 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:176 1997-01-01 The virtual restitution of the mesoamerican site of Cacaxtla: a methodological point of view Lucet, G. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration Besides allowing the visualisation of architecture from the past through the use of images, either virtual or real, virtual restitution in architecture implies the use of analytical methodologies that serve the purpose of a better understanding of architectural space as well as its genesis. The restitution contributes both to the process of building an appropriate tridimensional model adequate for multiple uses, and to the output of new information as the restitution process develops. In the present work, the applied methodological approach is discussed in relation to a virtual restitution of the Mesoamerican archaeological site of Cacaxtla leading to an idealisation of its original condition. pp. 129-138 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n8_tavVII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n8_tavVIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n8_tavIX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:226 1997-01-01 Una ipotesi per l'archiviazione di dati testuali nel settore archeologico. L'impiego dello Standard Generalized Markup Language per la codifica delle informazioni Bonincontro, I. Data encoding and metadata Data dissemination and education The main subject of this article is the problem of the filing of textual data in archaeology in order that they can be analysed and processed automatically. This problem is closely associated to another topic, that of text encoding. An electronic text may contain more than one markup level. The first one is the character encoding, usually the ASCII - 7 bit set, that offers 127 bit combination to represent letters, digits and a few other signs. The ASCII code has the advantage of being a standard valid for every operating system. It is therefore suggested, to encode other signs not included in the ASCII set, the use of a combination of the 127 available characters rather than a combination of 8 bit (256 possible combinations), because the number codes greater than 127 are used for different signs on different systems. A document file may contain another markup that encodes format parameters. To transform a simple document into a “database” where information can be searched and retrieved, the conceptual components must be encoded. The Standard Generalized Markup Language appears to be a good tool to produce files that are software and hardware independent, easy to be managed and ready to be automatically analysed by a software in order to retrieve pieces of information. pp. 139-149 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:227 1997-01-01 Presi nella rete: i siti archeologici in Internet Guermandi, M.P. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The Internet is increasingly becoming a tool fundamentally important and effective archaeological research. Archaeology is an appropriate subject through which to promote the use of electronic media as it is multidisciplinary, with a wide range of data types. Resources offered by the Internet provide a means of sharing and distributing information of many different kinds in many different ways. Actually, archive material – ranging from field survey data, excavations and museum collections to ancient sources – are being made available through the web. The author presents the most interesting sites (key sites, electronic journals and above all museums) available on web, and discusses problems and difficulties of conducting research via the Internet. The WWW could change radically the way in which archaeologists communicate the results of their work, both for the benefit of other archaeologists and the wider public. On-line journals, for example, could be an important tool to solve printed media problems and difficulties for editing archaeological reports. Museums could be seen as the most important virtual place to visit in order to explore the world and its history. Unfortunately, current archaeological museum sites often restrict themselves to provide only basic and general information (addresses, exhibits, virtual tours) aimed at a large rather than a professional public. The Internet is never going to replace real museums or archaeological sites; it is going to be supplementary. pp. 151-169 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:228 1997-01-01 Ricerche multimediali applicate ai Beni Culturali Bonincontro, I. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education Multimedia is increasingly spreading through many different fields (research, didactics, entertainment) but the meaning of this word is not always clear. The term multimedia can actually signify two things: something that is spread through different media, or a product that contains more than one media and that can thus transmit other and more complicated information. In this paper the second meaning is discussed. A list of projects is offered in order to present the state of the art in research on multimedia. Three topics are examined: a) implementation of conceptual models to plan and produce multimedia: the same models can be used at the same time to evaluate an applet; b) benefits of multimedia application in didactics; c) what kind of multimedia products are mainly requested in Cultural Heritage. pp. 171-186 1997-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n.VIII -1997 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:522 1998-01-01 METHODOLOGICAL TRENDS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES IN THE APPLICATION OF GIS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Moscati, P. 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:18 1998-01-01 Cultural Heritage and the CNR Special Project Guarino, A. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems pp. 9-11 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_01_Guarino.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:19 1998-01-01 Mauro Cristofani, computerised archaeology and the "Caere Project" Moscati, P. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems Introduction to the Special Issue. pp. 13-18 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_02_Moscati.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:20 1998-01-01 GIS usage in worldwide archaeology Djindjian, F. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems This paper is an introduction to the IX issue of «Archeologia e Calcolatori», dedicated to GIS in Archaeology. GIS technologies are first put in the context of Computer Science since the sixties. It is shown that the development of GIS results from a general evolution of computer manufacturing towards both multimedia and workstation solutions. The needs of the archaeologist for graphics and GIS are mainly within Rescue Archaeology, large site excavations, regional settlements studies and Cultural Resources Management (CRM). The progress of the use of GIS in Archaeology over the last 10 years has been analysed through 150 projects described in the present volume. It shows the advance of GIS applications in Anglo-Saxon countries (US, UK, Australia), even though in other countries the success of GIS is growing. The survey indicates a global rate of worldwide development of 25% per year. Pilot studies of GIS applications are mainly conducted by research Institutes (70%) and then culture heritage administrations (30%). About 40% of the GIS projects are CRM projects, 25% excavation management projects and 35% regional settlement studies. The computers used are Unix workstations (33%) and PCs (66%). About 40% of GIS users have chosen Arclnfo from Esri, while 50% have chosen low cost software like Maplnfo, Idrisi or Grass. The market for GIS applications in Archaeology seems to be shared between vector packages dedicated to CRM, raster packages dedicated to regional settlement studies, and CAD/CAM packages dedicated to survey and excavation. But progressively, the different packages will be adapted to have all the required functions, including image processing and interfacing with DBMS and statistical packages. Finally, GIS applications in Archaeology are not intrinsically theory oriented, even if environmental determinationism has found within GIS a perfect tool for its needs. pp. 19-30 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_03_Djindjian.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:21 1998-01-01 GIS and archaeology in France Arroyo-Bishop, D. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems Due to the limited response to the CNR questionnaire on GIS usage in French archaeology, this paper cannot expect to give either the full extent of implementation, nor fully document its impact on this field of research. It has been possible however to extrapolate general trends, and to discuss the development of several projects and undertakings. The most important implementation of GIS is the Ministry of Culture’s nationwide SCALA program for French archaeological survey, and the most comprehensive is the CNRS’s ArchéoDATA Archaeological Information System (AIS). The majority of the smaller projects are in three sectors: regional governmental archaeological offices, the CNRS research laboratories and archaeological field units. As the majority of GIS projects are undertaken by small teams that are looking for flexibility and autonomy, the general trend in hardware/software configurations has been away from elaborate centralised systems and towards micro-computer based installations, with the combination usually being Map Info running on PCs and Macintoshs. Whilst the use of GIS is still not entirely common practice in French archaeology, it is important to note that considerable research is going into innovative ways of implementing GIS concepts in archaeology and that important results can be expected in the years to come. pp. 31-45 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_04_Arroryo.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:22 1998-01-01 Beyond GIS: The archaeology of social spaces Barceló, J.A. Pallarés, M. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems The growing use and increasing sophistication of GIS methods to manage archaeological data is not related to an increase in diversity of use. After two decades on a trial basis, we evaluate in this paper the current ability of Spanish Archaeological GIS applications to meet the expectations placed upon them, especially concerning their role in archaeological method and theory. The purpose of this paper is threefold. Firstly, we summarize the main trends in Spanish GIS-based applications over the last years using a sample of the most recent bibliography. Secondly, we critically examine and evaluate the inherent shortcomings of some existing GIS applications, and finally we review different underlying conceptions of space in GIS projects and propose how such a software can be integrated into a proper theory of social space. pp. 47-80 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_05_Barcelo.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:23 1998-01-01 GIS applications in Australian and New Zealand archaeology - A review Johnson, I. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems This paper discusses the way in which GIS applications have flourished in Australia and New Zealand through a combination of high levels of computer ownership, environmental awareness and the scale of the landscape relative to population. The paper covers administrative applications such as site registers; traditional landscape based research applications of GIS; and recent attempts to apply GIS to off-site archaeology and distributions of artefacts on a micro-topographic scale. The critical effects of data availability and the use of GPS are discussed, as well as research into extending GIS or desktop mapping to cope with chronological change. The paper concludes by looking at ways in which the use of GIS can be encouraged within the wider archaeological community, the importance of sharing digital map data and some ideas on future directions in the application of GIS within Australian and New Zealand archaeology. pp. 81-126 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_06_Johnson.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:24 1998-01-01 GIS in North American archaeology: A summary of activity for the Caere project Kvamme, K.L. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems Fifteen projects, running in a variety of hardware and software environments, are reviewed from throughout the United States and Mexico; work in other parts of the world by North Americans is also represented. Most applications occur at the regional level and represent either state sponsored archaeological management data bases or research databases. Most employ GIS to manage regional data queries and undertake visualization tasks; others focus more analytically on patterns of prehistoric settlement and land use at the regional level, with predictive models of archaeological location a management expression that relies heavily on research and analysis. Large interest is also shown in comprehensive within-site databases. Remotely sensed satellite data are being employed to construct base maps at the regional level while geophysical information is being incorporated in within-site databases. Although cost-surfaces and viewshed studies receive relatively little focus, there seems to be large interest in multitemporal studies that compare cultural differences and settlement patterns across the fourth dimension. The linkage of GIS with virtual reality and the increasing importance of the World Wide Web point to future directions the technology will take. pp. 127-146 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_07_Kvamme.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:25 1998-01-01 GIS usage in UK archaeology mid-1997: The Caere survey Lock, G. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems There is a great deal of interest in the application of GIS within UK archaeology and, consequently, many varied examples. Rather then attempting the difficult task of itemising these, this paper discusses important themes which are emerging from the maturing understanding and usage of GIS technology within archaeology and more widely. These include issues such as establishing standards and the archiving and accessibility of digital data. It also makes a distinction between Cultural Resource Management and research led application. For each application area, the current position is offered together with discussion of relevant theoretical and practical issues. pp. 147-167 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_08_Lock.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:26 1998-01-01 GIS usage in Scandinavia Madsen, T. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems The use of GIS in Scandinavian archaeology is still limited. The current survey has revealed 18 projects, of which 12 are full research projects, four are Cultural Resource Management (CRM) projects and two are aimed at developing field methods. Minor projects based on the work of individuals prevail among the research projects, although at least one large-scale project is reported. Three of the four CRM projects are “flagships” for their country (Denmark, Norway and Sweden). The paper takes a critical attitude towards the current development in Scandinavian Archaeology, where an obvious disparity between administrative and research archaeology prevails. The way GIS is applied may be seen as a good example of what this disparity means. Large scale uses of GIS occur in the CRM context, but primarily not with a research aim. Ambitious research projects, on the other hand, are promoted by research institutions, but generally they appear impotent due to a lack of resources. Further, the paper focuses on demands for making GIS a success in archaeological research. Issues discussed here are: active research contributions from CRM units in the future; better access to digital map information for non-profit research projects; education, education and once more education of archaeologists. pp. 169-189 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_09_Madsen.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:27 1998-01-01 GIS applications in Italian archaeology Moscati, P. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems The present article is an attempt to emphasise some methodological concerns and evolutionary trends that characterise the use of GIS in Italian archaeological research. The cognitive base to attain this synthesis was offered by the analysis of answers to the questionnaire on “GIS and Archaeology”, that was distributed in the framework of the “Caere Project”, promoted within the more general “Progetto Finalizzato Beni Culturali” of the Italian CNR. The description of the results obtained follows a general definition of GIS and their capabilities. Computerised archaeological projects in which GIS are used nearly cover the entire national territory, from the Valle d’Aosta to Puglia and to the two principal islands. We have also recorded Italian projects that study archaeological areas outside the national limits. In general, there is a rather limited use of GIS in the management of archaeological excavations; in fact, the use of CAD software is more diffused. One of the emerging issues in GIS applications in archaeology is the distinction between projects carried out by institutions dealing with the administration and safeguarding of the national cultural patrimony and those carried out by the academic and research institutes. Cultural Resource Management in Italy is generally connected to the activities carried out by central and regional offices under the direction of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and addressed to the problems of management, safeguarding, maintenance and exploitation of the national patrimony. As for GIS projects carried out in the framework of the research sector, one of the characteristics of Italian studies seems to be the presence of two areas of investigation: the first one pertains to regional studies while the second one is devoted to the study of ancient towns, either abandoned or obscured by modern evidence. pp. 191-236 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_10_Moscati.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:28 1998-01-01 GIS in Eastern Europe: Nothing new in the East? Stancic, Z. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems This paper is an attempt at an overview of recent GIS activities in Eastern Europe. The paper is composed of three parts. In the first section organisational characteristics and the historical background of Eastern European archaeology are briefly presented. The second section focuses on current GIS activities in most Central European countries. In the final section, general trends in archaeological GIS research and practice are summarised. In this section some suggestions for improvements through international co-operation are drawn. The paper is followed by the abbreviated results of the replies to the Caere Project questionnaire. pp. 237-249 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_11_Stancic.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:29 1998-01-01 Electronic Information Systems in archaeology. Some notes and comments Voorrips, A. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems This paper consists of some notes and comments on the use of electronic information systems in archaeology, in the form of stating a number of theses, each followed by an explanation and/or defence. Most of the theses pertain to the relationship among research design, relational database management system and geographical information system. The last section of the paper shortly discusses some projects in which electronic information systems are being used. pp. 251-267 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF9/09_12_Voorrips.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), Methodological Trends and Future Perspectives in the Application of GIS in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:530 1998-01-01 *** 1998-01-01 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:126 1998-01-01 Immagini satellitari e modelli virtuali: interpretazioni geoarcheologiche della regione del Sistan meridionale Forte, M. Mozzi, P. Zocchi, M. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Geoarchaeology The main target of the Sistan Project is the reconstruction of the prehistoric archaeological landscape, beginning from multispectral satellite data. In order to draw a new map (historical, cartographic and geological) of Southern Sistan, a TM image of Landsat 5 satellite was used, with a resolution of 28.5 mt per pixel, including 7 spectral bands. By comparing geological features with the position of archaeological sites in the prehistoric age, and processing this digital data, new information have been obtained and hypothesis proposed for the ancient population of the region. In particular, DTM (Digital Terrain Model) reconstruction, multispectral classification (raster data) and vector integration of data (archaeological sites, terraces, geomorphological features, contour levels), have allowed us to visualise a complex and dynamic model in 3 dimensions. For this aim virtual reality techniques (not immersive) have been used: on a workstation, the user can explore in 3D the landscape model in an interactive way, navigating through the digital data and choosing different perspectives and points of view. Moreover, it was also possible to process at the same time multidimensional information, such as the altimetrical model, unsupervised classification, natural spectral color, different spectral bands, vector data and so on. pp. 271-290 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:127 1998-01-01 Il progetto Valle del Belice: applicazioni GIS e di Remote Sensing su dati archeologici Forte, M. Montebelli, M. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations In every region of the world there are some areas that assume an important role for cultural change and development of the neighbouring regions. This was the case of the Belice Valley in Sicily: its primary role in cultural change was the product of its long running in North-East/South-West direction that cuts almost all of Sicily from North to South, connecting the Tirrenian Sea with the African Sea. This preliminary study concerns the project “The Belice Valley: early cultural development in the Mediterranean area”, carried out in order to analyse the archaeological landscape on the basis of the socio-economic activities in pre-defined archaic societies. In order to process this complex information, we have started to undertake GIS and remote sensing applications reconstructing 3D models of the valley from macro-scale (territory) to micro-scale (sites). Finally, with virtual interactive navigation through the archaeological landscapes, we have created cognitive models of archaeological information that may hopefully also be useful for planning new archaeological parks. pp. 291-304 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavVII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavVIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavIX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:128 1998-01-01 La gestione informatica del dato. Percorsi ed evoluzioni nell'attività della Cattedra di Archeologia Medievale del Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Arti - Sezione Archeologica dell'Università di Siena Valenti, M. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The paper presents a proposal fir the computer-based management of all the archaeological data produced by the Poggio Imperiale project. It highlights in particular, perhaps for the first time, a complete GIS solution to fit the needs of representing, querying and spatially analysing the features of an excavation. The hypermedia and multidirectional system we have developed provides a programmed user interface linking the interactions between three different applications: a GIS platform (with digital cartography ranging from the whole hill to a single stone of the excavation), a relational alphanumeric DBMS (collecting all the data from fieldwalking to stratigraphical layer records with all the finds) and a media archive (storing pictures, 3D reconstructions, movies, hypermedia products, etc.). The aim is to create a standard in the management of archaeological data. pp. 305-329 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavXI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n9_tavXII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:81 1998-01-01 Contenitori per garum e loro paste. Confronti fra Dr 7-12 dei ritrovamenti nel Veneto Gonzalez Vilches, C. Gonzalez Rodriguez, M. Modrzewska, I. Pianetti, F. Statistics Archaeometry The aim of this article is the archaeological and analytical study of Iberian amphorae imported into Veneto (Italy) during the Roman period. The characteristic Baetican shapes Dr 8, Dr 11, Dr 12, fragmentary Dr 7-11 and Pompei VII are compared to the Dr 9-10 shapes of uncertain origin (Baetic or Gallic). The determination by X Ray Diffractometry (XRD) of chemicals Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ti, Mn, Ca, Na and K and of minerals shows the similarity of the pastes of two groups of amphorae. Using appropriate statistical methods, these data are compared to those of Andalusian and Lionese manufactures. pp. 331-342 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:229 1998-01-01 Evolutions: una rivista elettronica sulle dinamiche del paesaggio Moscatelli, U. Romano, D.G. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The authors announce a new Electronic Journal completely dedicated to the study of Landscape dynamics. The Journal, called «Evolutions», accepts contributions also of lesser known topics or areas, on the condition that they are treated in a diachronic way. Papers on landscape evolution in periods of transition are specially welcome: Greek/ Roman, Roman/Early Medieval and Medieval, prehistoric /protohistoric and so on. In order to encourage a methodological and thematic exchange as wide as possible, no geographical and cultural limits are imposed. Address: http://www.evoluzioni.com. pp. 343-345 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:230 1998-01-01 Il nuovo sito Web dell'Istituto per l'archeologia etrusco-italica del CNR: struttura e applicazioni Limata, B. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education IAEI website description pp. 347-352 1998-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. IX - 1998 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:260 1999-01-01 From earth to cyberspace: the unforeseen evolution Arroyo-Bishop, D. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems The ArchéoDATA Archaeological Information System has been under development for some ten years and during this time considerable experience has been gained in the field of archaeological information management. At the outset, a methodological philosophy was established and based on the premise that archaeology was in essence something, somewhere, at sometime. This provided the fundamental platform for data recording and has also given rise to, through the development of the “Entities”, a singular framework for archaeological analysis. The structures necessary to achieve an efficient balance between research, administration and conservation have been worked out and then tested under the actual conditions that will prevail under normal working conditions. The problem has been that at the heart of an AIS is communication, and that the practical means of achieving this are not simple. Not only do we need to efficiently structure the theoretical model, there also has to be the physical means of achieving it. This has been for many years the Achilles heal of implementation, as cost has been seen as being of an order not commensurate with archaeological budgets. The unforeseen evolution of the Internet network into the World Wide multimedia Web has provided information based systems with vast possibilities, and in the case of archaeology, with its first opportunity towards implementing universal communication. This paper describes some of the steps being undertaken to transfer the ArchéoDATA AIS to the Internet. pp. 7-16 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF10/10_01_Arroyo.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:245 1999-01-01 L'analyse spatiale de l'habitat: un état de l'art Djindjian, F. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems The state of the art concerning intrasite spatial analysis is given here, with the potentialities and the limits of the methods. In the first part, the interpretability of the spatial structures is questioned, focusing on the influence of cleaning and deserting of sites, and also the existence of post-depositional process, which can more or less cancel the expected spatial structures. Subsequently, the different methods of intrasite spatial analysis are described, following a brief history of their introduction into archaeology: the research of clusters in a spatial distribution, the association between two spatial distributions, and finally, the multidimensional spatial analysis actually used. Two important complementary methods are also described: the reassembling of spatial analysis and the chronological spatial analysis. pp. 17-32 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF10/10_02_Djindjian.pdf FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:246 1999-01-01 Prospects for agent-based modelling in archaeology Doran, J. Simulation AI Theoretical and methodological problems Although computer oriented archaeologists seem to have become somewhat disillusioned with computer simulation as a tool, other social sciences are witnessing a significant wave of enthusiasm for it, particularly in the form of agent-based modelling. My aim in this article is to reach some understanding of just why this paradoxical situation has arisen, and to consider what will and should happen next as regards agent-based modelling in archaeology. pp. 33-44 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF10/10_03_Doran.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:250 1999-01-01 Archeologia medievale e informatica: dieci anni dopo Francovich, R. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems Ten years after the publication of his article in «Archeologia e Calcolatori», the author returns to the subject of the relationship between computers and Medieval archaeology and describes the different phases of development which have characterised this field of study. In particular, he describes the research activity carried out by the Laboratory for Computer Applications of the Department of Medieval Archaeology at the University of Siena, which was created and implemented over the past ten years. The information system which has been developed is based on a programmed user interface (OpenArcheo) which operates as a supervisor and has been used for several different projects aimed at organising in an integrated environment large quantities of data, such as the “Progetto Siti d’Altura della Toscana”, concerning the editing of archaeological maps of Tuscan cities and provinces, and for the organisation of data from the excavations carried out by the Department. pp. 45-61 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF10/10_04_Francovich.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:248 1999-01-01 Calcul et narrativé dans les publications archéologiques Gardin, J.-C. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems Archaeological publications raise problems of many sorts, currently discussed in connection with computer networks and other technologies. One of them, however, seems somewhat neglected, namely the fact that we are mostly unable to read more than a fraction of the articles and books published in our respective fields of research. The substitution of electronic to printed publications does not fully meet that challenge. Complementary measures are needed, taking into account an acknowledged reality: our works are for the most part consulted, not read. The schematisation of archaeological constructs developed in the logicist perspective is meant to facilitate consultations; it is related to the computational paradigm of the information age. As such, however, it fails to fulfil one of the functions of historical works, associated with the narrative mode of thought and discourse. This paper advocates a parallel development of the two genres in archaeology, one through electronic publications of a radically new form, the other through printed works explicitly conceived as literary versions or expansions of the former. pp. 63-78 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF10/10_05_Gardin.pdf FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:259 1999-01-01 L'archivio ceramografico dell'Università di Catania ed il Progetto Post-Paralipomena Giudice, F. Barberi, S. Barresi, S. Randazzo, M. Database Classification of archaeological finds Since 1995, F. Giudice, professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Catania, has donated a corpus of published and unpublished Attic figured vases (about thirty thousand files). The progressive updating of the archive and the stylistic analysis of the new vases (Post-Paralipomena Project) has allowed prof. Giudice’s team to study the new data of trade of Attic figured pottery across the Mediterranean. According to the method presented in 1993 («Archeologia e Calcolatori» n. 4), the Mediterranean area is divided in 13 areas and 47 sub-areas; for each of them a system of histograms shows the presence of Attic pottery in the whole area and in the single cities with particular attention paid to the chronology. As an example, this paper analyses the distribution in the Iberian peninsula. pp. 79-88 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:266 1999-01-01 Dalle base dati alla rete: l'evoluzione del trattamento dei dati archeologici Guermandi, M.P. Multimedia and web tools Theoretical and methodological problems This article is a short review of the history of representation and structuring of archaeological information in computer applications as from HW/SW growing technical development. In the seventies and eighties databases were the most popular and widespread application of computer technology to archaeology. In the eighties micro and personal computers dramatically increased database research projects. This uncoordinated growth led to a plethora of disparate systems incapable of information exchange, although this phenomenon did considerably increase the normalization and standardization of archaeological data. Starting at the end of the eighties, GIS application to archaeology became more and more popular and the number of GIS research projects quickly increased. In adopting GIS technologies, however, the archaeologist must be aware of problems connected with specific nature of spatial data (cartography is always a simplification of the real world) and their accuracy. In the last five years, network communication, and above all the Internet, have assumed a central role in archaeological research and the communication standard protocols derived from SGML will be a central tool for improving public access to the archaeological heritage and for enabling teaching and research. pp. 89-99 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF10/10_06_Guermandi.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:249 1999-01-01 Des bases des données à la publication électronique: une intégration des données et des outils de recherche Guimier-Sorbets, A.-M. Multimedia and web tools Theoretical and methodological problems After presenting a summary of the development of computer applications in archaeology from the 1960s up to the present, the author discusses a diagram outlining the main processes which characterise the work of the archaeologist and specifically those in which computer methods have assumed an important role. The author identifies the following essential stages for the use of computers in archaeology: data gathering, data structuring, also for purposes of interpretation, and data diffusion, in order to make results known. This last stage seems to be particularly influenced by the developments brought about in recent years by the introduction of multimedia systems which have made the electronic publication of archaeological data possible by employing digital supports like CD-ROM as well as by creating Internet sites. pp. 101-115 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:258 1999-01-01 The Beazley Archive's Information Technology programs in classical archaeology, 1988-1998 Kurtz, D. Database Data dissemination and education The author offers a summary of the research work carried out over the last decade at the Beazley Archive, which consists of two inter-related parts: a traditional paper archive and electronic programs. The electronic programs began in 1979 with a database of Athenian figure-decorated pottery. The structure of the database was based on extensive “catalogues”, which Beazley had compiled and published in many editions from the 1920s through the 1960s. Since 1992 the Beazley Archive has been able to include in its electronic services other types of objects Sir John Beazley had recorded in his personal archive, for example, sculpture and engraved gems. In 1998 the Beazley Archive was selected as a suitable site for testing new techniques of watermarking and digital finger-printing; with the availability of several means of image protection the Beazley Archive launched a multimedia version of the pottery database on the Web. With the experience gained from adapting the pottery database for the Web, the Beazley Archive has taken the decision to use this platform for programs about other types of classical archaeology and art. pp. 117-123 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:253 1999-01-01 Coping with complexity. Towards a formalised methodology of contextual archaeology Madsen, T. Database Classification of archaeological finds The present paper draws attention to the problem of describing contextual information using an object-oriented approach to relational database techniques. Initially, it outlines the basic theoretical concepts for a structured description of complex information in a relational database. The insight gained from this exercise is used to demonstrate how a generalised object-oriented solution may be implemented using a standard relational DBMS. The implementation called GARD is an all-purpose recording system, where the user can create a particular database structure through its interface without making changes to the underlying table structure, and modify the database as needed parallel to the recording of data. Finally, an example using decorated bowls from the Danish Neolithic shows how complex relational information may be handled. This information has been entered into GARD and extracted again for analysis. pp. 125-144 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:251 1999-01-01 Multimedialità e archeologia Orlandi, T. Multimedia and web tools Theoretical and methodological problems In an article published in «Archeologia e Calcolatori» 1996, A.-M. Guimier-Sorbets expressed some basic ideas on the function of multimedia in the diffusion of archaeological results, and its relation with document storage and interpretation. The present article takes over those ideas, aiming at better formalizing the essence of multimedia, and comparing that formalization with C. Renfrew’s proposals about the methods of a cognitive archaeology. Finally a survey of web pages dedicated to archaeology is presented together with critical annotations. pp. 145-157 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF10/10_08_Orlandi.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:267 1999-01-01 Modelli di carte archeologiche per un GIS di pianificazione paesistica (un caso siciliano) Parra, M.C. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The author illustrates a specimen of an archaeological map on a provincial scale and a prototype of an archaeological map on a municipal scale (Contessa Entellina area, near Palermo, ancient Entella) carried out by the Laboratorio di Topografia Storico Archeologica of the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa within the GIS project of “Regione Sicilia”. pp. 159-163 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:257 1999-01-01 Il "Progetto Caere": un esempio di informatizzazione dei diari di scavo Moscati, P. Mariotti, S. Limata, B. Data encoding and metadata Survey and excavations In 1996 the Istituto per l’Archeologica Etrusco-Italica of the Italian National Research Council proposed, within the Cultural Heritage Special Project, the research programme “Establishment of an Archaeological Information System model and its application to ancient Caere” (“The Caere Project”). Its purpose is to use an archaeological information system to study the ancient Etruscan town of Caere, where the Institute has been carrying out surveys and excavations since 1982, together with the Superintendence of Southern Etruria. The authors illustrate an aspect of the project, related to the computerisation of the “Vigna Parrocchiale” excavation data. In fact, an innovative procedure was followed, through the use of the Standard Generalized Markup Language in order to encode the yearly excavation diaries in hypertext format. In this way, an easily transferable HTML text illustrated with photographic and graphic information was established. This type of text, which will be immediately available on-line, has allowed us to test new kinds of queries and information retrieval, in order to diachronically investigate the successive stages of our excavation and to organise the documentation relative to different areas, until finally reaching the essential association and the subsequent analysis of finds, also through the use of a statistical approach. pp. 165-188 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:254 1999-01-01 Alcuni esempi di applicazioni GIS alle ricerche topografiche nel territorio di Cingoli (Macerata) Calvelli, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The author illustrates some applications of the Idrisi GIS to the archaeological research he is carrying out in the Cingoli area, a territory having a considerable presence of prehistoric sites. In particular, he analyses the relationship between the archaeological sites and some landscape features. The archaeological record highlights a considerable concentration of Palaeolithic sites near areas of the flint outcrops (mainly in the inferior Palaeolithic). A further point of interest is represented by the different middle Palaeolithic sites mean altitude: compared with the inferior Palaeolithic situation, this difference could demonstrate a downwards displacement of settlements. With regard to the Neolithic, Aeneolithic and Bronze Age, the location of sites and their close relationships with Musone and Rudielle rivers could suggest the presence of a road running alongside these rivers and linking the two important valleys of the Marche Region: the Esino valley to the North, and the Potenza valley to the South. pp. 189-205 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:247 1999-01-01 Reconstructing a fossil landscape by Remote Sensing and GIS applications: sites, virtual models and territory during the Middle Bronze Age in the Po Plain (Northern Italy) Cremaschi, M. Forte, M. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Survey and excavations This paper illustrates preliminary results of the research project “An inventory of the Terramare in the central Po plain: physiographic context, stratigraphic and structural characteristics, state of preservation”, part of the Cultural Heritage Special Project, promoted by Italian National Research Council. The project involves GIS and remote sensing applications in order to integrate different 2D-3D georeferenced data (sites, excavations, surveys, landscape and territorial data) such as: a) raster data (aerial photographs of different periods starting from 1950, regional cartography, DEM); b) vector data (cartography, thematic layers, archaeological sites, etc.); c) a DEM created by cartographic contour lines and using a total laser station on the ground; d) alphanumeric data (excavation databases, territorial databases). The methodological approach has been to represent and analyse archaeological data from micro-scale (intra-site) to macro-scale (inter-sites), in particular exploring the perspectives of 3D GIS visualisations. Attention was therefore concentrated on the topographical reconstruction of microrelief in relation with the aerial photos (of different periods) used as textures, geomorphological features and archaeological data. We can define this kind of processing as a visualisation of an invisible landscape, as much more information can be retrieved from the terrain than using traditional techniques (aerial photo-interpretation, survey, etc.); in many cases this is very useful in order to help plan an excavation. Regarding the acquisition and processing of multi-temporal, multi-layer and multi-dimensional data, this research deals with a large-scale detailed study of the data collected by topography, but enhanced by surveys and acquisition of data on the ground. In fact one of the main tasks of our project is the creation of detailed models on the basis of the microrelief. pp. 207-225 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:244 1999-01-01 Il GIS nella produzione delle carte dell'impatto archeologico: l'esempio di Pontecagnano D'Andrea, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Archaeological investigations over the last thirty years in Pontecagnano, an important Etruscan-Campanian site about 70 km south of Naples, have brought to light an interesting archaeological context consisting of a large ancient site and an extended cemetery with more then 7000 graves, dating from the 9th to the 4th century BC The need to acquire, analyse and display this rich collection of data has given rise to the project, addressed to the application of a vector GIS to handle archaeological records from funerary contexts. This work consists in the elaboration of a powerful cartographical database, including the spatial location of graves and their attribute data. In this way it is possible to create and display thematic maps in order to trace a reconstruction of the social organisation of the ancient settlement through the patterns of development of the cemetery. Meanwhile the exact recording of the excavated areas in the digital cartography, superimposed on the topography of the modern Pontecagnano, allows us to have a complete, updated view of the operations, in order to define a new townplan and infrastructural projects in the local area. The package chosen for the full integration of conventional archaeological data with maps is Mapinfo, a desktop mapping software in use in archaeological computing applications. The information has been organized into three tables: burial data, paleobiological remains and grave-goods. These tables are linked to the digital cartography, structured according to different layers representing the ancient levels of the graves and the topography of the modern town. The project, involving numerous public agencies with different institutional aims, is designed to offer a single tool responding to different needs: scientific research, territorial management, running of a museum, townplanning and informing the public. pp. 227-237 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:252 1999-01-01 Dispersione dei materiali archeologici e interpretazione: il contributo del GIS Idrisi Moscatelli, U. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The author illustrates the results of a research project on the scattered sherd dispersion in the Lower Sangro Valley, where he has supervised a survey since 1995. While a number of dispersion causes have been detected, the author analyses here only the effects of meteoric water spill and of the agricultural work on the landscape. The analysis was performed using the DISPERSE module of the GIS Idrisi 2.0 for Windows. pp. 239-248 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavIX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:263 1999-01-01 Il Tevere e il suo antico corso Costantini, A. De Meo, A. Colosi, F. Gabrielli, R. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations In this paper, the results of a scientific collaboration between the Institute of Etrusco-Italic Archaeology, the Institute of Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage and the Civic Museum of Magliano Sabina are presented. The aim of this research is to study the distribution of archaeological sites in the territory of Magliano Sabina (Tiber Valley) and their relationship with the environmental-historical context. This area is a section of the Tiber Valley, where the river has always represented an important element from an historical point of view. In the present day in this area the river no longer follows its original course, so it was decided to find its old course in order to better understand the distribution of the ancient settlements in this territory. On the basis of research carried out at the Archivio di Stato di Roma it was possible to verify that the river Tiber originally flowed in the lower part of Magliano Sabina, nowadays the area of “Piana di Ramelli”. The study of historical cartography allowed us to verify the change of the river course since 1589, the year of the construction of the “Felice” bridge. The data has been confirmed by the morphological and geological characterisation of the selected study area. A GIS of the area has been used to compare and integrate all data sets with the aim of producing thematic maps to better understand the environmental evolution of the territory of Magliano Sabina. pp. 249-273 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavXI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavXII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavXIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavXIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:262 1999-01-01 Sabina Tiberina. Modellizzazione della distribuzione delle presenze archeologiche Colosi, F. Espa, G. Espa, S. Gabrielli, R. Ricci, U. Verga, F. Statistics Survey and excavations The paper summarises some preliminary results obtained by a research team of the Istituto per le Tecnologie Applicate ai Beni Culturali of the Italian National Research Council (CNR-ITABC) in the archaeological area of Sabina Tiberina (Rieti). The study makes use of statistical methods and information technology with the goal of implementing a GIS of the above mentioned territory. The area investigated, falling within the counties of Magliano Sabina and Stimigliano, presents a wide chronological stratification dating from prehistory to the Roman age. The anthropological pre-existence considered show differences depending on settlements themselves which are always numerous in the various ages; in fact the proximity of the river (the Tiber) is the reason for their existence, allowing a cultural transmission besides the natural function of trade route. This paper is divided into two parts. In the first, all data concerning surveys carried out with the goal of finding and classifying the settlements of Roman age are included. In the second, some descriptive-documentary aspects gained through developing the GIS, together with statistical processing aimed at the creation of maps of data and settlements, are commented upon. pp. 275-287 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n10_tavXV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:261 1999-01-01 Il quadro economico di Padova tra il I secolo a.C. e il I secolo d.C.: i dati dalle bonifiche con anfore Cipriano, S. Mazzocchin, S. Statistics Archaeometry This research analyses deposits of Roman amphorae, in order to individuate the trade, exchange of goods and economic-productive aspects of Patavium and its surroundings. The discovery of more than two thousand containers gives a good numerical base and an interesting starting point for the study of food stuffs. Those amphorae are used to reclaim land since the second half of the first century BC to all the first century AD The combined analysis of typological facts, of excavation context and of the materials allows the division of the land reclamation into three phases: the first between the second half-end of the first century BC and the beginning of the first century AD; the second in the first half of first century AD; the third in the second half-end of the first century AD The market in the first two phases seems to be dominated by Italic products with a variation: in the second phase the oil quantity increases and reaches almost the half of the traded amount, whereas the quantity of wine is reduced, differing with the oriental contribution. The relations with far regions are consolidated with the trade of food stuff, such as garum. Third phase is characterised by supplies of local wine of different qualities, especially oriental, and by a huge use of oil. pp. 289-304 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:255 1999-01-01 Il progetto BIBLOS e l'informatizzazione della Biblioteca Massimo Pallottino Bozzi, A. Rini, S. Albini, P. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The BIBLOS project was established in 1996 for the purpose of creating an Internet site which would combine and organise all the information gathered by the various branches of the CNR (National Research Council) relating to the Humanities. The browsing system is based on a subject catalogue which represents the main access to the files, and which includes information on three different research topics: linguistics, philosophy and antiquities. The Institutes have already made available the information collected from their research activity and the databases which have been developed, usually in the form of bibliographic catalogues and specialised bibliographies. Querying the BIBLOS site, the user may also consult on-line the catalogue of the Massimo Pallottino Library which is part of the G. Marconi Central Library of the CNR and is located at the Istituto per l’Archeologia Etrusco-Italica. Computer access to the catalogue now makes it possible to consult the different sections of the Library, to gain access to the document delivery service and to activate the link with the Central Library of the CNR. pp. 305-330 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:264 1999-01-01 La prevenzione per la conservazione del patrimonio librario e documentale: proposta di un modello di sistema informativo Lorusso, S. Prestileo, F. Database Cultural Resource Management Until recently the preservation of the library heritage has been a very difficult task: conservation policies have been mainly interested in undertaking urgent restoration measures without carrying out prevention measures. Indeed, an effective conservation policy must be followed in order to ensure all protective measures are undertaken for the removal of dangers and for the insurance of a suitable environment. In this way, restoration measures, that represent a traumatic event for a work of art, could be avoided. Therefore it is highlighted the need to create a “risk map” for library heritage. This risk map should be a tool capable of selecting instruments for conservation, restoration and preservation and allowing a correct choice both for objectives and methodologies and the limitations of the essential measures. The risk map will be able: to give extensive answers to a number of key questions for the setting up of conservation policies; to give advice for the better planning of conservation and restoration measures; to help deciding between a routine measure or special maintenance, control and monitoring of typical situations; to manage economic resources without wasting of public and private money. pp. 331-342 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:256 1999-01-01 "Archeologia e Calcolatori": dieci anni di contributi all'informatica archeologica Moscati, P. Database Theoretical and methodological problems This article describes the research work which is now being carried out in order to classify bibliographic information, related to the field of computer applications in archaeology, that is published yearly at the end of «Archeologia e Calcolatori». During the examination, information was recorded in a database using Access software. For classification purposes, particular attention was devoted to the research topic dealt with in the publication, which was divided into two separate sections: “subject field classification” and “computer typology classification”. One example of the way in which it is possible to consult the database on-line is now available on the Internet site of this Journal. In conclusion, the author describes the results obtained from a statistical analysis of data from the 266 articles which have been published over the last ten years in «Archeologia e Calcolatori». pp. 343-352 1999-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/10_09_Moscati.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. X - 1999 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:519 2000-01-01 ATTI DEL I WORKSHOP NAZIONALE DI ARCHEOLOGIA COMPUTAZIONALE (Napoli - Firenze 1999) D'Andrea, A. Niccolucci, F. 2000-01-01 D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:269 2000-01-01 L'archeologia computazionale in Italia: orientamenti, metodi e prospettive D'Andrea, A. Niccolucci, F. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems Introduction to the Proceedings. pp. 13-31 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.02 Intro.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:270 2000-01-01 Computer mobili per la gestione dei dati di scavo Ancona, M. Dodero, G. Gianuzzi, V. Computer Graphics IP CAD Survey and excavations This paper describes a system for real-time field support to archaeological excavations, and for interaction with remote researchers, via the Internet. To this aim, a prototype system has already been field tested at the site of Poliochni in Greece. The system is composed of a wireless LAN, including one (two or more in the future) mobile unit (Telxon PTC), and a wired LAN, with at least one PC or Workstation running Windows NT and Lotus Notes Domino for groupware activities. The two LANs are connected by means of an Access Point Aironet 630 (Radio-hub). The system provides a communication link with remote workstations installed in Universities or Museums where researchers who are interested in cooperating in real-time with field operators can work. Archaeologists can use the mobile units to draw finds on the screen using a magnetic pen, to write related textual information and to send these sketches or digital snapshots to the fixed host by using suitable interfaces (serial, parallel, PCMCIA, and so on). pp. 33-47 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.03 Ancona.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:271 2000-01-01 PETRA: un sistema integrato per la gestione dei dati archeologici Crescioli, M. Niccolucci, F. Tonghini, C. Vannini, G. Multimedia and web tools Survey and excavations This paper describes a database management system created for organising the data which emerged during an investigation conducted by a team from the University of Florence in Petra, Jordan. The subject of the research are Crusader settlements in Transjordan and, in particular, the castle system of the Petra valley; the study employed a methodological approach based on so-called “light archaeology”, that is a set of methods typical of European Medieval archaeology like “landscape archaeology” and “standing structure archaeology”. The study, which is still in progress, has revealed the key role of Petra in the territorial organisation of Transjordan during the Crusader period. By focusing on Wu’ayra, the most important fortress of the Petra valley, by means of a series of trial trenches, the project has documented the different settlement stages of the site. It is now apparent that the site was defended by a double wall overhanging the surrounding wadi with a single access and fourteen square towers on the outer ring and the inner walls, and an extreme defence nucleus, the fortified church, inside the cassero, in the centre of the system. Of the nine stages studied so far, three concern the Crusader settlement, one a very short occupation by the Ayyubids, and five correspond to the phase of abandonment of the castle with subsequent occasional use by Bedouin communities. The investigation will eventually evolve into a wide ranging study of the Crusader border, from Antioch to Aqaba. The computer project consists of a database management system, which is based on a Java servlet, a software which uses the HTTP protocol to generate and submit HTML pages “on demand”, and which can be viewed using a common Internet browser. This helps communication and simplifies access to data, which can also be shared on-line. Future developments will include spatial information, based on freely available GIS software. A particular feature of this investigation is the close connection which is maintained between computer technology and archaeological methods, which envisages new forms of co-operation in interdisciplinary research and new skills that draw from both disciplines. pp. 49-67 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.04 Niccolucci.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:272 2000-01-01 Un sistema informativo archeologico: l'applicazione del Syslat a Fratte di Salerno Santoriello, A. Scelza, F. Database Survey and excavations Some years ago, the chair of Archaeology of the University of Salerno, in cooperation with the Soprintendenza Archeologica and the Amministrazione Provinciale, began a methodical research program on the ancient settlement of Fratte. This settlement is situated on the hill of Scigliato, in the north-eastern part of Salerno on the Irno River, at the confluence of the Pastorano and Grancano streams. Since 1985 the archaeological area - partly rediscovered in the 50’s and immediately expropriated, enclosed and set aside as a park - has been the subject of a new systematic research project aimed at defining the chronology and the town-plan and understanding the monuments and their functions. Thanks to new scientific knowledge, since 1995 the research project, which is still in progress, has defined two principal aims. Firstly, strictly scientific, to acquire and organise as much information as possible in order to reconstruct the geo-morphological dynamics and human activity involving the entire territorial context of the ancient settlement. Secondly, to develop the archaeological park, which is considered a key element for the improvement of the neighbouring urban areas. As the information about the scientific methods and documentary records from the beginning of this century until now was not homogeneous, it was necessary to plan a new strategy for the management and systematic organisation of all the records that would guarantee consistent documentation. For this purpose we suggest using Syslat, which was created specifically for the recording of archaeological data, as the most reliable system for guaranteeing a standard of consistent documentation, description and global analysis of all records (e.g. Stratigraphic Units, map-making, photos, reports, etc.). This can also be used for the organisation and handling of all information which emerges during research projects using statistic and quantitative methods. Moreover, the possibility of connecting individual data-bases for different sites will make it possible to project each dossier on the largest scale, i.e., on a “regional” level. This information system, which has been tested since 1983 at the proto-historic site of Lattes (Herault, France) by a team of researchers from CNRS (M. Py, M. Bats, J.L. Fiches) was adopted by the Laboratorio di Archeologia using the earliest versions in order to test its effectiveness and to optimise the results. Continuous exchange of ideas and comparison of results between the French team, the “Centre J. Bérard” and the Istituto Orientale of Naples have allowed us to elaborate a “personal” application, which is specifically suited to the theoretical organisation and to the specific and complex requirements of archaeological research in Fratte. pp. 69-92 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.05 Santoriello.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:273 2000-01-01 La piattaforma GIS dello scavo. Filosofia di lavoro e provocazioni, modello dei dati e "soluzione GIS" Valenti, M. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations It is our intention to present the experience accumulated in the last decade by the LIAAM (Laboratorio di Informatica Applicata all’Archeologia Medievale). In recent years we have worked to develop solutions for managing all types of information produced by an archaeological project. We have operated on different levels (from regional surveys down to detailed records of all the finds). In particular, all the data was administered within a system made up of three components: different GIS platforms, an alphanumerical database and a media database; these are linked by a system level application called OpenArcheo, directly engineered and developed at our Laboratory. Basic concepts of our system are the multidirectional links between information types (which allow the user to query and retrieve all the information related to a feature starting from any of the components mentioned above), modular organisation of the architecture in order to implement the ever changing variables and detail levels of archaeological research that suit the specific needs of every single project, and user-friendliness so that the management of complex data is possible for anyone who has a basic knowledge in the use of computers. In short, our aim is to optimise the management of information produced by archaeological projects and make it possible that the archaeologist has all the different kinds of data at hand in real time. Such a system, and particularly a “GIS solution”, is perfectly suited for the management of an excavation and the application of inter-site spatial and statistical analysis tools, organising each campaign of our projects and providing simulations of the parts we cannot investigate. pp. 93-109 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.06 Valenti.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:274 2000-01-01 La piattaforma GIS dello scavo di Poggio Imperiale a Poggibonsi. Dalla creazione del modello dei dati alla loro lettura Nardini, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations This paper concerns the specific experience of our Laboratory in managing archaeological excavations on a GIS platform; the development process of our solution started five years ago and brought us, through successive stages of refinement, to an efficient data model. The basic idea was to reproduce on a graphic level the exact situation we find in the field. We therefore organised our objects according to an overall composite plan representing all the excavated layers, as well as the necessary landscape features, related only in spatial terms; detailed alphanumerical data and interpreted information were derived from the DBMS using specific identifiers. The objects were organised in views according to different parameters and queries; examples of views we created involved the surrounding landscape (e.g. with archaeological surveys, land cover and use, geology, etc.), preliminary investigations (with analytical surveys and crop-marks detection), and stratigraphical data (with a composite plan of all layers as well as analytical views based on chronological aspects, excavated structures, etc.). pp. 111-123 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.07 Nardini.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:275 2000-01-01 Il sistema di gestione degli archivi nello scavo di Poggio Imperiale a Poggibonsi. Una soluzione all'interno della "soluzione GIS" Fronza, V. Database Survey and excavations Designing a database to fit the needs of an archaeological excavation meant creating an open architecture capable of adapting to the evolving aspects of our research project (in range of data as well as in level of detail); this, together with the complete integration within the global system developed at our Laboratory, were the first aims we pursued in building our solution. The DBMS, based on an open ID system, can be considered a large data container which is continuously updated in its structure; it allows us to easily build relational indexes, increase the level of data detail and create new table and forms in order to manage new types of data. Essential aspects of this solution are total control over data consistency and data vocabularies, a self-made and user-friendly interface, and the possibility of managing multiple projects together. The automation of many repetitive tasks through programming also helps archaeologists in elaborating their data in order to produce information (the elaborated finds quantification and frequency routines are a good example). pp. 125-137 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.08 Fronza.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:387 2000-01-01 Un'applicazione GIS per il sito archeologico di Villa Rufolo a Ravello Peduto, A. Santoro, U. GIS and cartography Conservation and restoration This paper describes a methodology for using the GIS Arc/Info system as an operating tool to study excavation finds and structures on an archaeological site. The choice of the archaeological sample site (Villa Rufolo, Ravello - Italy) and the definition of information and methodologies useful to its study and management were the result of collaboration between a photogrammetry partnership (S.F.M.) and the “N. Cilento” archaeological laboratory of the University of Salerno. The GIS architecture was developed starting from the analysis of methods common to both the research methodologies (landscape recognition and stratigraphic excavations), which define the phases of archaeological data manipulation. The main aim was to create a tool which, starting from the planimetric documentation of each excavation, could link the various environments to their related stratigraphic units through data derived both from the individual structures and from artefacts. Following Arc/Info data models, all information was arranged into a relational database. The Stratigraphic Unit (US) attribute forms the link which connects the graphical elements, geographical and spatial database, and the descriptive database. Data stored can be analysed using many criteria, and the GIS always makes it possible to display the graphic results of the analysis. Besides the management, integration and manipulation of the archaeological data assigned to the territory under investigation, with Arch/Info various data levels can be combined for the purpose of producing new types of information; this information is usually acquired by employing techniques of data overlapping and through statistic and classification processing of all the stratigraphic units related to the site. The next stage of our project will consist of a careful check of the results of the statistical and classification processes and the use of this model at other archaeological sites so as to exploit the GIS potential for comparing excavation data as well as the geomorphologic and geographic features of the various sites. pp. 139-151 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.09 Peduto.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavVI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:277 2000-01-01 Modelli GIS nel Cultural Resource Management D'Andrea, A. GIS and cartography Cultural Resource Management For CRM the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is mainly related to the possibility of integrating archaeological data into territorial and town planning. The value of predictive models based on the construction of geo-environmental patterns has only recently been recognised. Spatial technologies have opened a whole new set of possibilities for the management of cultural resources, and the contribution of information technology to archaeological investigation makes it possible to reinterpret this protective action not only as a simple defence of the archaeological site, but as a dynamic exploitation and integration of the archaeological heritage into the territorial and town design. In Italy the diffusion of GIS at the inter-site level has been accompanied by the introduction of the concept of archaeological risk. This term has often been used incorrectly. In fact, it is more correct to refer to archaeological impact maps (AIM), borrowing the term from the Italian regulations governing the evaluation of environmental impact (VIA). An investigation based on the level of distribution of geographical information systems in Italian Public Administration has called attention to the increasing importance of GIS in urban planning. In the near future therefore, GIS will acquire a more strategic role, acting as a link and guaranteeing communication between policy makers and archaeologists. This paper examines the experience of an actual process of analysis and design of a GIS, designed for the management of cultural heritage. In particular, the aim is to offer operational and methodological guidelines for the development of the data models applied, in this specific case, to the analysis of the necropolis of Pontecagnano, an Etruscan-Campanian centre lying about 70 kilometres south of Naples. The system has been adjusted to the needs of different types of users: on the one hand, scientists interested in the reconstruction of the social, economic and cultural organisation of the ancient community, and on the other, operators involved in the preservation of cultural heritage through the promotion of a careful policy of development which would integrate the archaeological patrimony into urban planning. pp. 153-170 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.10 Dandrea.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:278 2000-01-01 Lo studio del territorio impiegando diverse metodologie d'indagine: il caso della valle del Tevere Colosi, F. Costantini, A. Gabrielli, R. Piro, S. Santoro, P. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations In general, a territory can be considered as the centre which contains all information related to different historical ages. The study of a portion of a given territory characterised by the presence of archaeological sites must be aimed at the complete and accurate acquisition of environmental data (e.g. topography, geo-morphology, litho-stratigraphy, land use, etc.), which will be used for an overall study of the site, the reconstruction of the man-environment interaction, and the evaluation of possible applications of geophysical prospecting methods. By interpreting different sets of remote-sensing data, studying existing geological and geo-morphological information and through systematic field work (e.g. archaeological survey, geophysical investigations, etc.), a wide spectrum of environmental data can be collected. The methodology of a complete analysis of the territory can be summarised as follows: analysis of remote-sensing data sets and their geo-referencing; DTM of the selected study area; morphological and geological definition of the selected study area; identification, location and geo-referencing of all archaeological sites in the territory; high-resolution integrated geophysical prospecting methods, to delineate the extension of the site and to locate the archaeological structures; a complete description of the site in its environmental context; definition of an integrated analysis method, based on the spatial correlation of the different data sets; study and design of a GIS for the management of all data sets which have been collected, elaborated and interpreted; definition of a model for the knowledge and protection of the historical and environmental aspects of the territory. pp. 171-189 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.11 Gabrielli.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavVIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:279 2000-01-01 Rilievo, monitoraggio geometrico e rappresentazione di strutture a cupola Bacigalupo, C. Cessari, L. Fangi, G. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration Analysis and geometric measurement represent the main diagnostic tool to define the state of conservation of historic buildings and to plan their restoration. In the case of complex structures, the accurate monitoring and survey of the morphology aid in understanding the static situation in relation to the original design and materials used. This information is fundamental for the generation of virtual models and for simulating the evolution of deviations. This paper presents the results of a survey of two Islamic domes in Samarkand (Uzbekistan) which suffer from serious static problems. The integration of the different methods of survey performed with laser distantiometers, traditional geodetic instruments and digital photogrammetric techniques has been found to be vital in order to accurately reproduce the geometrical pattern of these structures. We obtained dimensional and geometrical measurements of the thickness of the walls, the morphologic defects, the variations of the axes and of the supporting surface of the domes. All of the geometric data, obtained in continuous form, was then used for the digital reconstruction and 3D simulation of the domes. pp. 191-197 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.12 Bacigalupo.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:280 2000-01-01 Procedure standard per la registrazione degli interventi di restauro: ipotesi di applicazione a Khor Rori, Oman Orazi, R. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration Maintenance and restoration activity of archaeological structures are often recorded only on paper and not according to standardised procedures. For this reason a large amount of information produced daily can be neither referred to or elaborated. The geographical location of building materials and deterioration patterns, the relations between decay and environmental data, quantitative information on restoration work, products and techniques, are some of the types of information normally generated in the conservation sector which at present are not being used to improve the quality of the restoration activity or to accomplish the institutional task of strategic programming. The main purpose of this research project was to devise a qualitative and quantitative method to evaluate the behaviour over time of products used for the protection and restoration of architectural surfaces, and to establish a single criterion for certifying their performances. Only after the procedures used to record the different kinds of data (geometrical survey, building materials, deterioration patterns etc.) have been standardised will it be possible to correlate and elaborate them, exchange information through a system of local and remote networks, and produce synthesis outlines. The proposal has been tested on the monumental complex of Khor Rori in the Sultanate of Oman. The fortified city, built at about the end of the first century BC, for the protection of a natural harbour, was located on the main maritime route that crossed the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Nile, connecting Rome and the Mediterranean Basin to India (the Frankincense road). The study and the restoration of Khor Rori, chosen as a “pilot project” by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and financed by public organisations in Italy and Oman, will help to clarify the historical, commercial, and cultural relations between the Mediterranean and the Southern Arabian peninsula. This study has been conducted with the support of Siatel S.n.C. of Perugia and the Studio Menci of Arezzo. pp. 199-218 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.13 Orazi.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavIX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:281 2000-01-01 Tecnologie informatiche per la gestione delle conoscenze nella conservazione del costruito storico Salonia, P. GIS and cartography Conservation and restoration The study outlined here was conducted in order to show how the combined representation of a monument’s geometry, together with the morphology and distribution of the damage, the component materials and their physical characteristics, the historical-architectural analysis and environmental factors can be used to facilitate our understanding of the degradation processes. A correct management of the various aspects of our knowledge of our architectural heritage and the evaluation of its state of conservation, which are required for making a plan, implementing it and verifying the results, can only be achieved by constantly matching the specificity of the monument, after its exact geometry has been restored using elements obtained by means of historical and architectural analysis, the survey of the structure, building techniques and materials used, including those which describe its material status, considering individual buildings as a whole and systems of buildings as a group in its context. Information Technology (IT) was selected as the best means of creating environments that were the most suitable for the aims pursued and for use as an operating instrument. It was decided to translate the theoretical disciplinary model into a computer-based procedure in which the functions specific to the GIS - Geographic Information Systems - were transposed to an architectural scale. To this end, an Information System - ARKIS - is currently being configured. It is designed for the organisation, representation and utilisation of knowledge obtained from data regarding the architectural subject in question, its immediate context and its territorial location. Some actual applications are presented. pp. 219-240 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.14 Salonia2.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavXI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:282 2000-01-01 Archeologia e multimedialità: il sito Internet dell'abitato protostorico di Sorgenti della Nova (VT) Dolfini, A. Negroni Catacchio, N. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education This article introduces the Web Site of Sorgenti della Nova, a proto-urban settlement located in Southern Etruria and inhabited in the Final Bronze Age (11th - beginning of the 9th century BC). The web site was implemented thanks to collaboration between the Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità of the University of Milan and the Istituto per le Tecnologie Informatiche Multimediali of the National Research Council in Milan; it contains not only general information about the settlement but, in particular, digital records on the archaeological finds of Sorgenti della Nova (records and drawings). Further, an analysis is made of the different forms of study and data dissemination offered by multimedia techniques as opposed the traditional forms of finds publications. In conclusion, a complete description of data organisation and structure of the site is offered as well as what is probably the most interesting topic for the archaeologist: the three basic methods for consulting finds according to their typology, chronology or topographic position in the settlement. The site is available at the following URL: http://jargo.itim.mi.cnr.it/ Nova. pp. 241-257 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.15 Negroni.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavXI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:283 2000-01-01 La modellazione virtuale per l'architettura antica. Un metodo verso l'isomorfismo percettivo Borra, D. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration This paper deals with the problem of virtual modelling for ancient architecture. After examining the different roles played in the project management of a virtual model - the scientific tutor, the modeller and the communicator - the representation of the modelled object is designed according to different detail levels (formal, operational and aesthetic), with emphasis on their dynamic and interactive features. The paper then describes the operational steps for creating a virtual model and considers, in particular, how this may be applied to the study of ancient architecture, examining what this use implies in general, from an operational point of view and as far as the dissemination of knowledge is concerned. pp. 259-272 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.16 Borra.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:284 2000-01-01 A proposito di Virtual Archaeology: disordini, interazioni cognitive e virtualità Forte, M. Beltrami, R. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Theoretical and methodological problems What is Virtual Archaeology (from now on abbreviated as VA) really? And what is virtual? In a period of great technological-digital evolution in all scientific fields, it is even more important to try to decipher, monitor and critically describe the state of the art, with particular attention to those interdisciplinary areas which will represent the avant-garde of future research. The great communicative impact that archaeology offers in itself is greatly enhanced by the possible digital interfaces and by the comprehensibility that these provide for much more than the scientific community. Therefore, considering what has been noted in this overview and what will be discussed below, VA can be defined as digital reconstructive archaeology, computational epistemology applied to the reconstruction of three dimensional archaeological ecosystems, therefore, cognitive ecology. The epistemological aspect is essential in the assessment of computational processes and therefore, in archaeological activity. To the out-going elaboration one must increase the cognitive significance of the in-going data (“augmented” reality). The context is cognitively greater than the sum of its components and we must identify the “environment” of the VA in a structuralist sense. In the assessment of the application of VA therefore, an epistemological measurement is essential; if, in fact, we try to “measure” the cognitive quality of models there is a risk of completely destructuring the information in respect to the context. Moreover it is evident that virtual space, in the archaeological dimension, must be contextualised and hierarchically restructured in order to allow for the identification of the logical units of information in the geometry of the models; theoretically one should “undo” and “redo” the context to completely verify the geometric and functional system. Key words might be 3D, interaction, virtual models, and other variables described in the text. pp. 273-300 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.17 Forte.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavXII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:285 2000-01-01 La presenza delle Tecnologie dell'Informazione nella ricerca sui Beni Culturali: risultati di una indagine Moltedo, L. Picco, R. Salonia, P. History of applications and research projects Data dissemination and education The study of a wide variety of artefacts of cultural interest requires a vast and heterogeneous documentation that ranges from information concerning the physical sites, to the typologies, state of conservation, methodologies of documentation and intervention, until the whole cognitive process is brought to fruition. The techniques employed for analysis, intervention and documentation are therefore fundamental both for the planning and the implementing of innovative solutions for the recovery and the conservation of the artefacts themselves, as well as for the protection and preservation of the archaeological heritage involved. This paper consists of an analysis of research projects in the field of cultural heritage which includes aspects of information and communication technologies, based on the ACM Classification Scheme. The topics dealt with are intended as a contribution to the understanding of the interdisciplinary approach which should be taken into consideration in proposing future research programs. pp. 301-310 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.18 Salonia1.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavXIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:286 2000-01-01 Informatica per l'archeologia o archeologia per l'informatica? Vannini, G. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems pp. 311-315 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/1.19 Vannini.pdf IT D' Andrea A., Niccolucci F. (eds.), Atti del I workshop Nazionale di Archeologia Computazionale, Napoli-Firenze 1999 Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:287 2000-01-01 Applicazione di un GIS intra-site al giacimento paleolitico di Garba IV - Melka Kunture (Etiopia) D'Andrea, A. Piperno, M. Gallotti, R. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Applicazione di un GIS intra-site al giacimento paleolitico di Garba IV – Melka Kunture (Etiopia). Spatial analysis has been widely utilised by Italian archaeologists to obtain territorial information at an inter-site level, but only a few attempts have been made to study the organisation of Early Palaeolithic paleosurfaces. The application presented here concerns the spatial analysis of the Early Palaeolithic site of Garba IV (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia). The excavation of two levels (C and D) over an area of more than 100 square metres has produced several thousand stone tools and faunal remains, which make it possible to attribute the site to the Developed Oldowan period, dated to 1.5/1.4 m.y. The entire set of data, concerning both the taphonomy and the techno-typological study of the lithic and faunal remains from level D, have been inserted in a database system (Microsoft Access and Excel). The plans of the excavation were drawn using Autocad and subsequently imported into the software Maplnfo and associated to the database. The management of the spatial data has been organised in order to meet the following goals: 1) Visualisation of the position and concentration of all the remains of the paleosurface D; 2) possibility of selecting the different classes of lithic materials and faunal remains in order to elaborate plans according to different themes; 3) application of statistical and quantitative methods together with spatial analysis to the study of each square metre of paleosurface D. The statistical and quantitative approach to the study of the frequency and density of particular tool types and faunal remains permit the identification of numerous hidden structures, which are probably related to several functionally differentiated areas of this Oldowan paleosurface. pp. 319-338 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/2.1 Piperno.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavXIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavXV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:288 2000-01-01 Un SIT per Entella (Comune di Contessa Entellina, PA) Arnese, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The aim of this project has been to create a GIS for the archaeological survey in Contessa Entellina (Palermo) that was conducted in 1998 by the Historic-Archaeological Topography Laboratory of the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa. The survey covered an area (about 42 km2) of the territory of Contessa Entellina. Like the survey, the GIS was also a model for research. During the survey Topographic Units (UT) were located with large concentrations of finds and other zones labelled “Sporadic Material” (MS) were also identified. The GIS includes only the Topographic Units. With the software ArcView GIS 3.1, UTs have been located as points on a raster map at a scale of 1:5000, the same as used for the survey. The survey data has been recorded in a relational database that holds information about the finds, the documents, the relationship between UTs, the chronology, the vegetation, etc. We focused our attention on the representation of temporal information. However, it is very difficult to represent archaeological dates in a database scheme because their limits are uncertain. Therefore, to represent this uncertainty every Topographic Unit is characterised by several periods. Each period has a beginning (field “Inizio”, meaning “Start”) and an ending (field “Fine”, meaning “End”). These two limits have a symmetrical tolerance (for example ±50 years). In the future, this system will be completed and used to analyse the spatial relations between UTs and their visibility. pp. 339-346 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/2.2 Arnese.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:289 2000-01-01 A multi-disciplinary approach for research and presentation of Bracara Augusta's Archaeological Heritage Martins, M. Bernardes, P. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The purpose of this paper is to present an archaeological information system and multimedia application used to record, manage and diffuse the data provided by the excavations conducted, since 1976, in Braga, Portugal, and related to the “Urban Rescue Project of Bracara Augusta”. The Geographical Information System built to manage and process the archaeological information (SIABRA), created by a team from the Archaeology Unit of Minho University, which was responsible for the project, is presented here. A natural result and advantage of this system is to simplify and enhance spatial analysis and data articulation related to the main buildings which have already been found, as well as the urban interpretation. One further advantage is the three dimensional model reconstruction, where a specialist (archaeologist, architect, urbanist) can analyse and visualise complex and diachronic information concerning the Roman town, in order to simplify the global understanding of buildings, their reconstruction phases and the general relationships between them. The development of virtual environments reproducing archaeological sites, such as the Roman town of Bracara Augusta, can be considered as an important and powerful tool for facilitating the research of specialists and improving heritage consciousness. pp. 347-357 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/2.3 Bernardes.pdf ENG http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n11_tavXVI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:290 2000-01-01 GeoARQUEOS: A system for the creation, updating and validation of the digital cartography of the Andalusian Archaeological Heritage Fernández Cacho, S. Blasco Aranda, E.M. Navascués Fernández-Victorio, R. GIS and cartography Cultural Resource Management GeoARQUEOS is a programme designed with Avenue and Crystal Reports for the purpose of keeping the digital cartography of the Andalusian Archaeological Heritage updated. Its three basic functions may be summarised as follows: a) Automatic elaboration of digital coverages and data models using the information available in the Andalusian Archaeological Heritage Database (DatARQUEOS); b) Detection of geo-referencing errors in the resulting coverage (archaeological sites outside of their municipality boundaries and evident errors in the assignment of coordinates); c) Automatic comparisons between new and previous coverages, in order to offer information about the new, cancelled or modified archaeological sites in the new coverage. The GeoARQUEOS programme represents a considerable improvement in the handling of information related to the Andalusian Archaeological Heritage. This progress has been possible mainly because it acts as a means of quality control for the data by minimising the number of errors which escape manual filtering when information is stored in the system. pp. 359-373 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/2.4 Fernandez.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:291 2000-01-01 Rischio archeologico: se lo conosci lo eviti. Convegno di studi su cartografia archeologica e tutela del territorio (Ferrara, 24-25 marzo 2000), Azzena, G. History of applications and research projects Survey and excavations Review article pp. 375-381 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/2.5. Azzena.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:292 2000-01-01 I GIS tra soluzioni applicative e nuove metafore D'Andrea, A. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems Review article pp. 385-390 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/3.1 Recensioni.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:293 2000-01-01 L'archeologia in rete. Internet e multimedia Guermandi, M.P. Multimedia and web tools Theoretical and methodological problems Review article pp. 391-395 2000-01-01 text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/3.1 Recensioni.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:294 2000-01-01 Dal mondo della statistica applicata Moscati, P. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems Review article pp. 396-400 2000-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF11/3.1 Recensioni.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XI - 2000 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:295 2001-01-01 Exploratory analyses of structured images: a test on different coding procedures and analysis methods Camiz, S. Rova, E. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds In order to test the ability of textual coding to depict the features of structured images, a corpus of images of Near-Eastern seals of the late IVth millennium BC was studied through different exploratory analysis techniques. Two different coding systems were considered: the classical presence/absence coding of iconographical elements present in the images and a new textual coding, based on a formalised text describing the image. These were submitted to Multiple and Textual Correspondence Analyses. The textual analyses were performed according to two different coding systems, and several choices of the items involved. The results of the different analyses are discussed and compared here. In particular, textual analysis proved effective in substituting the classical coding in the description of the iconographic elements appearing in the images. In addition, it allowed us to broaden the investigation to include aspects of the images (occurrence of fixed sub-patterns and composition) which are beyond the capacities of classical coding. The ability of textual coding to select particular elements, and/or element sequences, to be taken into account in the analyses, was also considered an interesting feature for fine-tuning the analyses to the particular characters of specific corpora. Thus, the use of a formalised text as an intermediate between images and analysis tools proved to be a method worth using, in spite of the special care needed, and some still unsolved difficulties. pp. 7-45 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/01Camiz-Rova.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:296 2001-01-01 Progetto Caere: questioni di metodo e sperimentazioni Moscati, P. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The development of the “Caere Project”, conducted by the Istituto per l’Archeologia Etrusco-Italica of the Italian National Research Council as part of the “Cultural Heritage” Special Project, has made it possible to establish a unique and comprehensive model for the digitalization of excavation data within a GIS platform. This model has been developed to record, process and publish data coming from the excavations conducted by the Institute in the central area of the urban plateau of the ancient Etruscan town of Cerveteri. From the outset of the project, much attention has been placed upon the discussion of methodological and technical issues, in order to form a framework for data acquisition and processing. The methodologies adopted and processes adhered to are described, with particular reference to the problems of: data representation and encoding, standardisation of the descriptive language, application of Spatial Analysis techniques, creation of a multimedia software for data diffusion and publication. pp. 47-53 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/02Moscati.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:312 2001-01-01 Progetto Caere: prospettive di applicazione degli standard internazionali per la codifica dei dati testuali Bonincontro, I. Data encoding and metadata Theoretical and methodological problems As part of the Caere Project, the author describes the diverse stages that have characterised the acquisition and encoding in a digital format of the excavation diaries through the application of SGML. This encoding language for electronic documents is focused mostly on describing the internal structure of the data and the information contained in the text. The SGML syntax in some aspects is complex, and inevitably this has been an obstacle to the diffusion of the language. The transcription and the encoding of the diaries have been completed and a flexible querying system of the SGML documents has been created. The decision to use the Internet in order to distribute information has also implied a study of the viability of converting SGML documents into XML, which in the last few years has been replacing SGML, from which it derives. However, the completion of the encoding project of the excavation diaries does not represent the final stage; in fact, it is the new phase that it has initiated which is important: further DTDs will be created which will allow the acquisition and encoding of the descriptions of every find. The user will be able to navigate and explore the textual data and, where a more detailed study is required, analyse the objects together with the topographical information. pp. 55-69 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/03Bonincontro.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:297 2001-01-01 Progetto Caere: un'applicazione Internet attiva per l'Information Retrieval di documenti SGML Barchesi, C. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education In the process of creating an archaeological information system of the excavations in Cerveteri, the decision was made not only to use a more traditional database, but also to develop a recording methodology that connects the text of the excavation diaries, encoded by the application of a mark-up language (SGML), with the cartographic data. In order to query all the excavation diaries, an information retrieval application was required, with the aim to retrieve not only words but also specific meanings and contexts. In this paper the author describes the creation of an internal software application for providing information retrieval from SGML texts and of its subsequent implementation on a Web server. The paper is divided into two parts: the first describes the application itself and the concepts on which it is based and the second part discusses the technology that has been applied and the results achieved. In order to construct a querying system for the content of the excavation diaries, both ASP and VBSCRIPT technologies have been used, as they are particularly useful for constructing client-server applications for an intranet. Through applying such technologies, it has been possible to connect the textual sources with the digital cartography through specific hypertext links, allowing the visualisation of the search results in a browser such as Explorer or Netscape Navigator. This application has also been designed to allow data diffusion through the Internet. pp. 71-90 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/04Barchesi.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:298 2001-01-01 Progetto Caere: proposta di un modello per il trattamento e la codifica di documenti archeologici editi Mariotti, S. Data encoding and metadata Data dissemination and education The author describes the experimentation of the Text Encoding Initiative Lite for the encoding of published archaeological documents, a part of the research program of the Caere Project. In fact, the experimentation with SGML as a tool for documenting, querying and subsequently interpreting the yearly diaries of the Vigna Parrocchiale excavations suggested expanding the use of this encoding procedure to also include published archaeological reports, particularly those associated with other monumental features in the urban plateau of Cerveteri. As a case study, the encoding scheme of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Lite, integrated by the DTD already defined, has been used in the publication of the excavations conducted in 1912-13 by Raniero Mengarelli, in the same area of the Vigna Parrocchiale, and published in «Studi Etruschi» in 1936. In order to verify the flexibility of this encoding method within different types of archaeological publications, the same procedure has been experimented on another text written in 1937 by Raniero Mengarelli and extracted from «Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità». pp. 91-103 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/05Mariotti.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:299 2001-01-01 Progetto Caere: dallo scavo al territorio. Una soluzione per la distribuzione dei dati tramite un GIS on-line Ceccarelli, L. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The aim of this paper is to describe the principles on which the Caere GIS has been created and to offer an overview of the spatial analyses conducted and the theoretical principles on which they are based. In order to satisfy the ultimate goal of the project, a solution is described for the dissemination of the results across the Internet through GIS technology. Indeed, at the outset of the project, the decision had been taken to create both a GIS application for internal use and a separate dynamic GIS multimedia application for data diffusion across the Internet. Through the GIS platform, thematic maps of the site have been created, exploiting the ability of topological analysis to explore the mutual relationships between structures. The use of the GIS was not restricted solely to this application, as its full potential was exploited through the use of its analytical engine. Several spatial analysis techniques were used (in particular Viewshed analysis) both for the study of the distribution of finds at site level and for the wider analysis of the surrounding territory of Cerveteri. Finally, the on-line publication of the GIS will offer a chance to create a living document, continually reviewed and updated by the author. It will also constitute the first step towards the standardisation of a metalanguage, that will permit effective multimedia communication and the exchange of different data formats and sources. pp. 105-121 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/06Ceccarelli.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:300 2001-01-01 Análisis de visibilidad y patrones de asentamiento protohistóricos. Los yacimientos del Bronce Final y período Orientalizante en el Sureste de la campiña sevillana Gonzáles Acuña, D. Statistics Survey and excavations A new approach to the topic of Late Bronze-First Iron Age settlement patterns in the south-eastern countryside around Seville (Andalusia, Spain) is presented by the application of a new landscape analysis technique: visibility analysis. Some aspects of visibility analysis are discussed, as well as the resulting methodological proposals. Finally, this methodology is applied to the study area, generating historical interpretations about related questions (settlement patterns, means of communication). pp. 123-142 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/07Gonzalez.pdf ES Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:301 2001-01-01 Modelli matematici per la ricostruzione dei paesaggi storici Macchi Jánica, G. Statistics Survey and excavations The purpose of this article is to illustrate the enormous opportunities that the archaeologist is offered in the study of historical landscapes by the process of reconstructing spatial models. This formal process is characterised by the progressive incorporation of social and ecological variables in the form of numerical cartographic surfaces within a given model. In fact, the distortion of social space requires such a quantity, variety and complexity of operations that they could not be realised and synthesised without the help of a computer. Once this process has been completed, it can be exploited in various fields, like the history of roadways and transportation networks, or for a better comprehension of the effects of certain settlement layers on other levels of social occupation of space. pp. 143-165 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/08Macchi.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:302 2001-01-01 An application of Cumulative Viewshed Analysis to a medieval archaeological study: the beacon system of the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom Kay, S.J. Sly, T. Statistics Cultural Resource Management The application of Viewshed analysis techniques to the study of archaeological landscapes, through the medium of a GIS, is a field of research that has a long pedigree. However, it is noticable that studies have focused particularly on the prehistoric and Roman periods, with little application within the area of medieval studies. This paper aims to explore the potentials that different forms of spatial analysis offer, with particular emphasis on visibility in relation to medieval landscape research. A further dimension that is explored within this framework is the use of spatial analysis techniques as a tool for aiding the management of cultural heritage. The study forms part of an on-going research program on the Isle of Wight, being conducted by the Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, with the aim of understanding the medieval settlement and agriculture on the island. Investigations have been conducted on a range of sites, varying from Deserted Medieval Villages to the Cistercian Abbey of Quarr. The initial results of this research indicated a strong pattern of movement of people to and from the island, a probable result of the strategic military importance the island had during the Middle Ages. Therefore, in collaboration with the Isle of Wight County Council Archaeological Unit, an investigation was launched into the effectiveness of the medieval beacon signalling system on the island, in order to appraise its success, the choice of positioning and the identification of sites. The results collected through the application of Cumulative Viewshed Analysis were then tested for their statistical significance in order to fullfill the CRM aspect of this research. pp. 167-179 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/09Kay.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:303 2001-01-01 Impiego del Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) per lo studio del paesaggio antico: alcuni esempi rappresentativi Colosi, F. Gabrielli, R. Peloso, D. Rose, D. Computer Graphics IP CAD Survey and excavations In recent years, the use of DGPS (Digital Ground Positioning System) satellite antennas has become widespread within the framework of the historical-topographic research. They give us the possibility of geo-referencing, in a simple manner, different objects spread across the territory, and permit the delimitation and geometrical survey of specific areas rendered in the shape of polygons. In the present project, new case-studies, aimed at defining new procedures for the geo-referencing of territorial elements, are produced. In these case-studies the use of DGPS, employed in a new and integrated way with other modern topographical instruments, has enabled us to survey complex structures and to produce detailed morphological studies of the sites. The archaeological sites that have been examined show great differences. Firstly, in their geomorphologic characteristics, the historical period, the cultural environment and related problems and secondly, for the different scale of the research, procedures and level of investigation of the archaeological research. pp. 181-197 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/10Colosi.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:304 2001-01-01 L'informatica dell'archeologo: alcune istruzioni per l'uso D'Andrea, A. Niccolucci, F. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The paper examines the applications of some software technologies in archaeological research and discusses a number of errors that may derive from a naïve approach. In considering databases, relational databases have strict requirements that are fulfilled in most cases when dealing with archaeological records, but cannot be given for granted without further investigation. It is suggested that XML technology may solve many of these issues. Digital Elevation Models generated automatically by GIS software may create undesired or unrealistic terrain features and introduce errors, as well as GPS data acquisition. The frequent absence in archaeological GIS papers of an error analysis confirms the lack of a critical approach to these mathematical tools. Finally, computer visualisation is examined in the paper, with a similar criticism to an exclusively visual interpretation of Virtual Reality reconstructions. Since all the tools examined in the paper were created within other applicative contexts, it is hoped that a more conscious approach may better integrate them into archaeological method and theory. pp. 199-220 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/11D'Andrea.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:305 2001-01-01 Virtual reality for archaeological explanation. Beyond "picturesque" reconstruction Barceló, J.A. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Theoretical and methodological problems In this paper, a general framework for using Virtual Reality techniques in the domain of Archaeological Visualisation is presented. It is argued that “visualising” is not the same as “seeing”, but is an inferential process to understand reality. A definition of Enhanced Reality is also presented, and how visual models can be used in order to obtain additional information about the dynamic nature of historical processes and archaeological data. pp. 221-244 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/12Barcelo.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:306 2001-01-01 Documenting and validating Virtual Archaeology Ryan, N. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Theoretical and methodological problems The use of Virtual Archaeology is expanding rapidly, not only in the museum and archaeology professions, but also in the broadcast media, tourism and heritage industries. Many concerns have been expressed about the lack of transparency and difficulty in validating the models and presentations used in these contexts. A case study is used to illustrate the role of metadata in addressing these problems. The paper argues that appropriate metadata documentation of projects may extend the critical apparatus that we take for granted in scientific papers into the world of distributed Virtual Archaeology. Three recently introduced XML languages for multimedia (SMIL), vector graphics (SVG) and virtual reality (X3D) applications are examined with particular reference to their metadata hosting capabilities. Finally, an outline proposal for a Virtual Archaeology Metadata Profile and Schema is presented, based on refinements of the Dublin Core and other metadata schemas. pp. 245-273 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/13Ryan.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:265 2001-01-01 Information, image, réalité virtuelle et réalité. Nouvelles formes de transmission du patrimoine March, R.J. Computer Graphics IP CAD Theoretical and methodological problems This article tells the history of the interaction between a scientific program and the use of digital technologies for handling and distributing archaeological information. We try to show, using an anthropological and epistemological approach, how archaeological work is modified by the introduction of digital technologies and the change in dynamics that this introduction causes to our scientific program. We also analyse the theoretical-ideological formation and the ethical problems arising from this interaction. pp. 275-305 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/14March.pdf ENG http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavVII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavVI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:307 2001-01-01 Elaborazioni grafiche computerizzate nello studio della decorazione di un gruppo di lamine in bronzo da Eretum Santoro, P. Bellisario, M. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration The group of bronze sheets with repoussé decoration, kept in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek and coming from the princely burial in Tomb XI at the Colle del Forno necropolis, has been identified as the decoration of a chariot and the magnificent upholstery from horse trappings. This group represents a collection of extraordinary interest regarding figurative culture in the Tiber river area in the Late Orientalizing Period, an identification proven by a second group of objects kept in the same museum. The decorative repertory represents one of the most refined expressions of the artistic style called “Orientalizzante fiorito”, which is best known from the decoration of bucchero pottery, carved ivories and ostrich eggs. Computer graphic techniques have been used for the documentation and study of this repertory, using as a base the excellent photographic documentation provided by the Glyptotek. This methodology, experimented through the use of a graphical workstation at the Istituto per l’Archeologia Etrusco-Italica, provides the opportunity to create a graphical documentation very close to the original technical and graphical cipher and qualifies itself as a very important tool for reading elements regarding the incision technique. However, close collaboration between the specialist and the archaeologist is essential in order to validate this as a useful scientific method of documentation. pp. 307-321 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/15Santoro.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavVIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavIX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:308 2001-01-01 From photography to drawing: a segmentation technique for mural paintings Lucet, G. Computer Graphics IP CAD Conservation and restoration In this article the authors present a method for obtaining a line-art representation of a mural painting using colour photography. First, the information concerning colour components was separated and then the contours of graphic representations were extracted. The result is an exact copy of the original and this level of precision makes it an important solution to the problem of registering and recording mural paintings. This method has been shown to be a useful solution for the documentation of the state of conservation of paintings, as well as a means for keeping track of restoration work; furthermore, it provides a fundamental method for analysing paint compositions. The approach was developed bearing in mind the possibility of use by non-specialist computer users: no programming knowledge is assumed and the use of shareware software was always preferred. pp. 323-334 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/16Lucet.pdf ENG http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n12_tavX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:309 2001-01-01 Discretizzazione e modello-dati nei sistemi GIS D'Andrea, A. GIS and cartography Theoretical and methodological problems Review article. pp. 337-342 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/18Rubrica applicazioni.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:310 2001-01-01 Internet e multimedia Guermandi, M.P. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education Review article. pp. 343-347 2001-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF12/18Rubrica applicazioni.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XII - 2001 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:521 2002-01-01 XIV UISPP CONGRESS (LIEGE - BELGIUM SEPTEMBER 2001). PROCEEDINGS OF COMMISSION IV SYMPOSIA. DATA MANAGEMENT AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Djindjian, F. Moscati, P. 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:326 2002-01-01 Les modèles logico-discursifs en archéologie Gardin, J.-C. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems One of the tasks of cognitive archaeology according to C. RENFREW (1994) is «to use the well-established techniques of rational scientific inquiry, and to aim to develop these […] by explicit theoretical formulations». Such is the purport of the ongoing research program initiated in France in the ’70s on the logicist analysis and computational modelling of archaeological constructs (GARDIN 1979). A first assessment was presented to UISPP Commission 4 in 1990; the present paper describes advances of the program after that date in two directions, theoretical and pratical. 1. On the theoretical side, (a) new light has been shed on the position of the logicist analysis of archaeological papers (irrespective of their subject or denomination) in relation to recent work on natural logic or natural reasoning in the sciences of man; (b) further, the modelling function of the proposed ‘schematisations’ of argument has been brought out in the course of an ongoing debate on the respective part of Models and Narratives in the constitution of knowledge in the social sciences. The constraints to which mathematical models are currently subject are applicable to logico-discursive models as well: the same tests (formal coherence and empirical correspondence) are used to establish the validity of both; (c) lastly, as a logical follow-up of a and b, the case for a ‘séparation des genres’ has been strengthened, i.e. scientific models on the one hand, whether quantitative (mathematical) or qualitative (logicist), and/or imaginative amplifications of their findings on the other, both genres being however regarded as contributions to knowledge in a broad sense (BRUNER 1986). A large part of our discursive constructs belong to an intermediate or hybrid kind which tends to claim a distinct epistemological status, between or above the two genres. Doubt are raised about the future of this perspective in the long run; they found some unexpected support in Paul Ricoeur’s recent plea for a return to a stricter distinction between the cognitive and the rhetorical components in our «writing of history and representations of the past» (RICOEUR 2000). 2. On the pratical side, a new form of archaeological publication has been proposed (ROUX 2000), combining the principles of logicist analysis and new information technology. It consists in reformulating linear discursive constructs as tree-like structures of inference, expressed in computational terms (data base + rewrite formulas), and recording them on an electronic support, CD-ROM or web site, in order to take advantage of the navigational facilities of hypertext. No loss of cognitive substance is incurred in the process; and a partial answer is thereby offered to the ‘reading vs. consultation issue’ now widely acknowledged in scientific research, in the humanities as elsewhere. pp. 19-30 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/01Gardin.pdf FR Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:319 2002-01-01 Un essai de formalisation des études sur l’art paléolithique pour la connaissance des sociétés préhistoriques Iakovleva, L. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems Paleolithic art is a fundamental tool for the understanding of prehistoric societies. The relationships between paleolithic art and archaeological sites have been investigated and show the existence of nearly all the types of artistic expressions (sculptures, paintings, engravings, drawings, clay modelling, mammoth bone assemblages, etc.) in various sites like rock shelters, open-air sites, burials, deep caves, open caves and rock open-air sites. Unfortunately, old discoveries and tourism have destroyed in most cases the relationship between mobiliar and cave art with archaeological structures, limiting to recent discoveries the capability of a global approach. The different interpretative theories of prehistoric art since XIX century have been remembered both for symbolic explanations (Reinach, Breuil, Bégouen, Raphaêl, Laming-Emperaire, Leroi-Gourhan, Sauvet, Vialou, Clottes) and for social explanations (Efimenko, Abramova, Semenov, Iakovleva, Sieveking, Conkey, Bahn), and their revision due to the recent 14C AMS dates directly obtained on paintings made by charcoal. The critical question of the building of a reliable chronological framework is discussed. A method to study prehistoric art is then proposed, in five main steps: Step 1: Acquisition (recording); Step 2: Acquisition (signs, species and scenes determination); Step 3: Structuring (craftsmen workflow: space selection, physical-chemical studies, stylistic analysis, panel organization); Step 4: Structuring (chronological and spatial organization of the decorated space, relationships between the decorated space and the territory of hunters-gatherers); Step 5: Modelling (the craft system, the social system and the symbolic system of the hunter-gatherer society). pp. 31-40 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/02Iakovleva.pdf FR Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n13_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:320 2002-01-01 The origins of the city. From social theory to archaeological description Barceló, J.A. Pelfer, G. Mandolesi, A. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems This paper will focus on the origins of the city. This subject has been studied in sociology, anthropology, history and geography, but there is not a unified approach. Our paper deals with the specific way social theory can be used in archaeology. We consider that a “city” is a specific form of social space “produced” by a series of social actions. However, this “production process” cannot be described easily in archaeological terms. As a result, there is a deep gap between social theory concepts and archaeologically observable evidence. Today it is fashionable to speak about the unscientific nature of Archaeology and Social Science. This paper deals with this discussion, trying to create an observational theory to understand the process of city formation. We reject traditional positivist approaches of concept and reference, because of its simplicity. However, this fact does not mean that the analysis is impossible in scientific terms. We show how to use spatial statistics, probabilistic modelling and visualization technology in order to obtain a simulation of the spatial process, and then use the resulting model to build a representation of social theory in archaeological terms. In the paper we use the Italian city of Tarquinia as a case study. It is suggested that the origin of the city can be represented as a spatial process beginning with preliminary scattered villages, which join together forming bigger spatial units, which become attractive for the better geographical and geomorphologic conditions. The gradual consolidation of the main settlement in the best location is determined by the population growth, and the development of a new productive system and new social relationships. pp. 41-63 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/03Barcelo.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:321 2002-01-01 Modelling the social evolution: the state of art Guidi, A. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems In the last fifty years, many types of models on ancient social evolution have been created, both in the Old and New Worlds. This paper reviews the most influential ones, trying to summarize the recent, radical changes in the theoretical perspective on the emergence, development and collapse of complexity in human societies. The most serious problem, today, seems to be an enormous gap between the inadequacy of the archaeological record and the growing refinement of theories. pp. 65-78 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/04Guidi.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:322 2002-01-01 Maitriser l’analogie ethnographique: espoirs et limites Gallay, A. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The use of ethnographic analogy to interpret archaeological remains has produced many misunderstandings, which must now be corrected. 1. Ethnology is traditionally oriented towards the analysis of the thought systems of the populations under study, and believes all too often that this type of discourse in natural language is an acceptable explanation for the observed empirical phenomena. The scientific discourse built by the ethnoarchaeologist must not imitate the distinctions made by the people under study, given that their constructs seek to satisfy different objectives. 2. The construction of inference rules must be subjected to the requirements of all scientific research. In consequence, one must not merely collect ‘cas d’espèce’, but also assemble numeric data which are sufficiently representative for statistical treatment to be carried out. 3. It is necessary to define, in each case, the actualisation context of the rules, that is, the spatial and temporal universe wherein the proposed rule is applicable. 4. The only way to validate a rule resides in the precautions taken during collection, mobilisation and treatment of empirical data. 5. Successful application of an actualist rule to archaeological data does not mean that the latter has been validated. The only way to confirm an interpretation is by applying the principle of result convergence by independent methods. pp. 79-99 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/05Gallay.pdf FR Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:323 2002-01-01 Pour une théorie générale de la connaissance en archéologie Djindjian, F. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems An attempt to build a global cognitive theory in Archaeology is proposed. The archaeological method is based on a three level concept : knowledge acquiring, structuring and modelling, inspired by the XIX century work of Peirce, renewed by recent developments of cognitive Sciences and used today in many fields of Social and Human Sciences, System Engineering, and recently proposed in Archaeology (DJINDJIAN 1993). The knowledge acquiring level A is the result of simultaneous and retroactive use of two mechanisms: several specific analogical processes in archaeology (contemporary analogy, ethnographical analogy, experimental analogy) and a cognitive process, general to Human Sciences. Logical objects used by archaeological reasoning are artefacts, set of artefacts (archaeological layer, dwelling structure, burial, etc.) and methodological objects (unit, sample, core, etc.). Such objects may deliver three categories of data: intrinsic data, extrinsic data and administrative data. Intrinsic data (named I) are a view of an object, resulting in the interaction between the archaeological artefact and the archaeologist who is perceiving and describing it. Intrinsic data is a knowledge of the artefact. Extrinsic data (named E) are data recording the various artefact contexts: spatial and stratigraphic localisation, links with neighbouring artefacts, environment, etc. Extrinsic data depends on the quality of archaeological excavation and recording. In all the cognitive processes, knowledge A must be associated with the archaeologist, ARCH, who is at the origin of the interaction artefact/archaeologist, the process of producing the knowledge, Pc, and the validation process Pv, controlling the reasoning: (A, ARCH, Pc, Pv). The structuring level, S, is discussed in relation with the question of enrichment of structures towards the emergence of a system, through a dedicated method called the systemic triple method (DJINDJIAN 1980): 1. Definition of the system S; 2. Perception and description of intrinsic data I; 3. Recording of extrinsic data E; 4. Formalisation of the structuring process: intrinsic structuring (matrix artefact x intrinsic data, O x I), extrinsic structuring (occurrence or Burt matrix intrinsic data x extrinsic data, I x E); 5. Exploratory data analysis on O x I or I x E; 6. Retroactions on I and E; 7. Iterative enrichment by integration of new I and new E; 8. Validation (using another artefact system, a new E, etc.). The modelling level is then examined with a discussion of the limits of the formal logic in Archaeology: empirical-inductive, where “every structure is Culture”, or hypothetical-deductive methods, where “all the models are fitting well” falling in the weakness of so-called paradigmatic models. A new more restricting method is proposed, called the cognitive model method, CMM. The main features of CMM are: explicit, formalised, repetitive, stable, systemic, refutable, predictive, discursive and auditable. A general method to build a cognitive model is then given, in ten steps; some of them are already known and referenced, others are new and detailed: 1. Improving the knowledge A; 2. Discovering the structures S inside data; 3. Enrichment of structures S; 4. Systemic organisation in hierarchical subsystems; 5. Building models R; 6. Validating models R; 7. Retroactions for enrichment and stabilisation of the models R; 8. Model simulation for predictions; 9. Writing the archaeological discourse; 10. Auditing the discourse. The systemic organisation in hierarchical sub-systems is based on a five level system: 1. Technological know-how; 2. Economic activities: craft production, raw material supplying, subsistence resources, energy resources, buildings (dwellings, infrastructure), territory management, manufacturing, exchange and trading, etc.; 3. Social organisation: workflow, specialisation of professions, social groups, social hierarchies, family structures, community administration, defence, taxes, authority systems, etc.; 4. Symbolic sub-system: ideas and beliefs; 5. Global system. In conclusion, such approaches of methodological development are the most reliable but also the most difficult way to reach a real scientific status for Archaeology. pp. 101-117 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/06Djindjian.pdf FR Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:324 2002-01-01 A GIS-based archaeological decision-support model for Cultural Resource Management Mehrer, M.W. GIS and cartography Cultural Resource Management Cultural resource management (CRM) work in the United States has recently produced vast amounts of data that are now being assembled in large databases. Thus, the potential has grown for useful site location models in support of heritage conservation. As Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become more powerful, they have become more useful to archaeologists. The realm of archaeological predictive modeling has grown to include at least three types of models that focus either on site-prospection, on understanding ancient ways of life, or on decision-support for cultural resource managers. Decision-support modelling seems to have the greatest near-term potential as a useful modelling tool. However, there are also significant methodological and theoretical issues yet to be resolved before such tools can be widely used. An example of an archaeological site location model currently in development illustrates the potential of decision-support modeling. Some of the problems inherent in site-prospection and ancient-behavior analysis can be avoided in models designed as decision-support tools. pp. 125-133 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/07Mehrer.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:325 2002-01-01 From an Etruscan town to modern technologies: new advancements in the "Caere Project" Moscati, P. History of applications and research projects Survey and excavations In 1997, within the framework of the research activity carried out by the Istituto per l’Archeologia Etrusco-Italica, a census of GIS applications in archaeology was promoted and then published in the ninth issue of the journal “Archeologia e Calcolatori”. This international survey allowed us to collect significant methodological and technical information useful to outline the main guidelines of the “Caere Project”, aimed at the establishment of an Archaeological Information System for the analysis of the Etruscan town and its surrounding territory. A recent update of this survey confirmed the previsions published four years ago by the members of an international Scientific Committee coordinated by François Djindjian. Some methodological aspects of the “Caere Project” are also discussed, with particular emphasis on the need of integrating many different computer techniques in order to gain a comprehensive, organic knowledge of the ancient landscape and town organisation. The results of the innovative use of markup languages and multimedia systems in the processing of archaeological excavation data are also presented. In fact, the methodological approach of the “Caere Project” is based on the principle that information is not sufficient if not linked by new forms of knowledge representation, which can promote an interactive consultation more than just a passive reading. pp. 135-149 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/08Moscati.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n13_tavII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:337 2002-01-01 Processing oblique aerial photographs in Flanders: the Havik Project at the Ghent University. A contribution to archaeological resource management Meganck, M. Bourgeois, J. Roovers, I. Lodewijckx, M. Remote Sensing Cultural Resource Management A contribution to archaeological resource management. Ghent University has organised an archaeological aerial survey of both provinces of East- and West-Flanders since the beginning of the 1980s. As a result of these activities, some 50,000 photographs have been captured. They reveal thousands of archaeological structures, from the Neolithic through to the most recent periods. Since 1997, financial support has been received from the Flemish Community aimed at the realisation of a GIS based database (Access 97 relational database - Arcview 3.1) and the digitalization of some 50% of the photographs. As a result, it was possible to locate all 50,000 images and connect them with geographical information offered by the support centre GIS Flanders. It is expected in the near future that this information will be available for SMR-purposes and archaeological heritage management. There are also several scientific outputs: one of them is the study of Bronze Age barrows. pp. 151-160 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/09Megank.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n13_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:327 2002-01-01 The Minoan peak sanctuary landscape through a GIS approach Soetens, S. Driessen, J. Sarris, A. Topouzi, S. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The research project, “Building a cultural landscape model of Minoan peak sanctuaries through a GIS approach”, based on a collaboration between the Institute of Mediterranean Studies (F.O.R.T.H.) and the Université Catholique de Louvain, aims to redefine the peak sanctuary, to clarify its function, and examine the relationship between the cultural and natural variables, which characterize the distribution of these sites in the Cretan landscape. To accomplish these goals we used advanced mapping techniques, satellite remote sensing, statistical analysis and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Intervisibility was investigated with viewshed analysis. A chronological evolution of the peak sanctuary landscape is proposed, explaining the location of the sanctuaries, in relationship to each other and other site types. pp. 161-170 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/10Soetens.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n13_tavIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:318 2002-01-01 Linking location and space to process using precision mapping Bampton, M. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Over the last five years global positioning systems (GPS) and electronic total stations (ETS) have become viable tools for use in archaeological field mapping. When used in conjunction GPS and ETS can generate precise, accurate, and georeferenced three-dimensional digital data sets in real time. As survey work proceeds, associated attribute tables incorporating field measurements and commentary can also be created, and the entire dataset can be imported directly into a geographic information system (GIS). This technique may be called precision digital mapping, and produces accurate, high density data sets of unprecedented richness. The revolutions in data management, visualization, and analysis made possible by GIS are now being mirrored by a revolution in field mapping techniques. pp. 171-178 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/10Bampton.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:329 2002-01-01 Alternative methods of disseminating archaeological findings from CRM contexts: examples from the American Southwest Altschul, J.H. Multimedia and web tools Cultural Resource Management Archaeologists working in cultural resource management (CRM) face four major challenges. First, the work is performed under short, development-driven deadlines. Second, CRM projects often are quite large, generating more data than archaeologists traditionally encounter. Third, the results must be presented in forms that are understandable and enlighten the public. Finally, CRM archaeology must address concerns of native peoples. In this paper, I draw on case studies from the American Southwest to show how archaeologists at Statistical Research, Inc. have used the Internet and CD-ROM technology to address these challenges. I highlight a web-based system developed for a large excavation project designed to keep project sponsors, principals, and specialists from around the world abreast of the status of fieldwork and analyses, as well as a forum for dialogue. I also discuss the use of CD-ROM technology to disseminate project materials and reports in a cost-effective manner. Beyond text, these CDs include videos designed for a non professional audience. CD-ROM technology also is used to provide Native Americans with digital images of rock art and sacred sites that allows them to comment on proposed mitigation measures. pp. 179-186 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/12Altschul.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n13_tavV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:330 2002-01-01 Getting Bayesian ideas across to a wide audience Cowgill, G.L. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems A generally Bayesian attitude toward statistical inference seems to me so obviously superior to the “classical” Neyman-Pearson approach that it is difficult to comprehend why not everyone agrees. I believe that most non-statisticians learn classical procedures ritualistically but then interpret their results in naively Bayesian ways. It would be better if they became more sophisticated and knowing Bayesians. A truly introductory text on the logic of Bayesian inference, with some simple but useful applications, would probably help. Bayesian inference with an uninformative prior may yield the same results as classical inference, but with coherent rather than muddled logic. An example of a very useful but mathematically simple archaeological application of an informative prior is using prior information to improve estimates of true proportions of artifact categories in populations represented by small collections. However, a complication arises when the observed proportion in a fairly large sample is well outside the range considered at all likely for the relevant population, based on prior information. In this case, straightforward use of a beta prior distribution can yield results that seem unreasonable. Possibly our prior information is better represented by a modified beta distribution with “heavy” tails. Advice about this problem would be appreciated. pp. 191-196 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/13Cowgill.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:331 2002-01-01 A Bayesian approach to the estimation of the age of humans from tooth development and wear Millard, A.R. Gowland, R.L. Statistics Archaeometry Examination of dental development is considered to be an accurate method of ageing non-adults, but ageing adults from dental wear is much less accurate. Miles’ method is generally accepted to be the best way we have to derive estimates of tooth-wear ages because it takes into account population variability in wear-rates. Here we develop a Bayesian approach to ageing from dental development and tooth-wear, using a latent trait model and logistic regression to estimate the ages of individuals whose tooth development and/or wear has been scored on ordinal scales. In addition to the original methods this: (a) accounts for uncertainties in tooth development; (b) incorporates in a natural fashion individuals with teeth missing post-mortem. Numerical integrations were performed using Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo techniques and WinBUGS software. pp. 197-210 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/14Millard.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:332 2002-01-01 Bayesian approach applied to authenticity testing by luminescence Zink, A.J.C. Statistics Archaeometry An important field of luminescence dating is the authenticity of ceramic art objects. The use of “authenticity” instead of “dating” is due to the ignorance of the ambient radiation, and hence the annual dose. The present paper shows a Bayesian approach able to quantify the degree of authenticity. This approach permits to introduce under mathematical models some assumptions (annual dose, fire, artificial irradiation) previously only presented as qualitative warnings in authenticity reports. pp. 211-216 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/15Zink.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:333 2002-01-01 Estimating subjectivity of typologists and typological classification with fuzzy logic logic Hermon, S. Niccolucci, F. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds It is well known that interpretation always conveys a certain degree of subjectivity, which disappears as soon as interpreted data are stored in a computer database. This may lead to dangerous approximation and possibly to fallacious conclusions. To avoid this oversimplification, it has been suggested to use fuzzy databases, in which attributes may have a fuzzy nature and be indexed by a numerical coefficient, the fuzzy coefficient, which can be interpreted as the degree of confidence the researcher has in each possible assigned value. This technique has been successfully applied to gender and age assignment for the deceased in a cemetery investigation: in this case anthropological data offered statistical parameters that could be used to compute the fuzzy coefficient. Lithics classification is another field in which fuzzy databases have a potential usefulness, but in this case, no previous statistics may help in determining the fuzzy coefficient. We decided to perform an experiment during a standard typological classification of a flint tool assemblage from Israel. It concerned the classification of 50 tools, by different researchers. Each one was asked to note, besides the typology of each item, an evaluation of the “degree of sureness”, or the “possibility” of an item to belong to a particular type, in other words his or her guessed estimate of the fuzzy coefficient. This paper reports the results of this experiment, in order to evaluate the difference between researchers when performing a classification of tools, to recognize problematic types or items (which mostly differed between the typological lists presented) and eventually to compute a fuzzy coefficient for each type assignment, balancing the different evaluations of experts. pp. 217-232 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/16Niccolucci.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:334 2002-01-01 Archaeological thinking: between space and time Barceló, J.A. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The archaeological record can be described using a relevant observable feature: location. Shape, size and other properties vary from one location to another, and sometimes this variation has some appearance of continuity, which should be understood as variation between social actions due to neighbourhood relationships. Time and space are not different ways of considering the nature of archaeological locations. Consequently, “locations” can only be understood in functional terms, that is, according to what is performed at each place at each moment. In this paper, the objective is to analyse where, when and why a social action varies from one location (temporal-spatial) to another. Some mathematical techniques are presented to calculate the probability of social actions at specific locations, based on the spatial properties of archaeological data. These techniques are used as a representation language for studying the concepts of accumulation and attraction, which allow the study of social space in dynamic terms. pp. 237-257 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/17Barcelo.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:335 2002-01-01 Playful agents, inexorable process: elements of a coherent theory of iteration in anthropological simulation Costopoulos, A. Simulation AI Theoretical and methodological problems This paper presents an alternative to the purely sequential and arbitrary resolution of events in agent-based simulation for Anthropology. It is argued that an alternative system in which agents constantly evaluate their priorities in the light of the actions of other agents provides for more realistic social interaction and allows for the emergence of social-like processes in a computer agent population. A number of other problems, such as the production of survivorship curves from a threat environment, are also discussed. pp. 259-265 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/18Costopoulos.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:336 2002-01-01 Spatio-temporal modeling of North American prehistory Snow, D.R. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems A new dynamic spatio-temporal model of North American prehistory and protohistory from 14,000 BP to 200 BP allows researchers to visualize the ebb and flow of culture change and demographic processes at any of many possible scales. The authors of past syntheses of such changes over time and space on a large scale in North America have depended upon aggregating lower-level syntheses and summaries prepared by various regional specialists. One advantage of the model is that it eliminates much of the bias and filtering that is typically entailed by this dependence. It does so by directly referencing site-specific data recorded and maintained in a GIS format. These are called up and displayed as animations of spatial change over time. The animations in turn can be mapped against environmental changes over time and space. The model raises theoretical and methodological questions about how we record and disseminate our data. These are briefly discussed. pp. 267-273 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/19Snow.pdf ENG Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:328 2002-01-01 Un essai de reconstitution du climat entre 40.000 BP et 10.000 BP à partir de séquences polliniques de tourbières et decarottes océaniques et glaciaires à haute résolution Bosselin, B. Djindjian, F. History of applications and research projects Geoarchaeology The results of several sea- and ice-cores and pollen sequences of peat bogs, for the last 40,000 years, permits today to give evidence of palaeoclimatic oscillations of this period. A method of palaeoenvironment reconstitution, based on transfert functions computation, issued from pollen diagrams, is proposed. The method is building a palaeotemperature curve and a palaeohumidity curve, allowing to separate and correlate the two climatic components. A complete example of the method is developed with the data of the peat bog of Tenaghi-Philippon (Macedonia, Greece). All the analysed sequences (Tenaghi-Philippon, la Grande Pile, Banyoles, etc.), compared to sea-cores (KET 8004) and ice-cores (GRIPSummit, Greenland) confirm the evidence of mild and humid oscillations, and cold and humid oscillations, in a three parts structured sequence: the interpleniglacial (up to 28,000 BP), the late pleniglacial (between 28,000 BP and 13,500 BP), and the tardiglacial (between 13,500 BP and 10,000 BP). A numbering system, avoiding usage of ancient interstadials still to valid in their eponym sites, is proposed. pp. 275-300 2002-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Djindjian F., Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF13/20Bosselin-Djin.pdf FR Djindjian F., Moscati P. (eds.) XIV UISPP Congress (Liège - Belgium 2001). Proceedings of Commission IV Symposia. Data Management and Mathematical Methods in Archaeology Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIII - 2002 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:338 2003-01-01 Lo status accademico dell’Informatica umanistica, con Appendice di M. Catacchio Orlandi, T. Mordenti, R. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The first section of this article concerns the theme of Humanities Computing teaching. Most experts agree with the opinion that Humanities Computing is an independent discipline - which studies the problems of formalisation and models, crossing all humanities disciplines (linguistic, literature, history, archaeology, history of art, history of music) - and as such it should be introduced into the Faculties of Humanities. The academic organisations are beginning to acknowledge the importance of teaching computer applications to the students, but their approach is far from consistent. The integral proposal of a new independent scientific-disciplinary sector, submitted by a group of experts to be approved by the Italian CUN (Consiglio Universitario Nazionale), is therefore presented. The second part of the article deals with the results of an enquiry, carried out in 21 Italian Universities, on how Humanities Computing is being introduced into the curricula of the Faculties of Humanities. Many relevant quantitative data are illustrated, which clearly clarify both the necessity to distinguish between the simple alphabetisation and the teaching of applications for research, as well as the urgency to solve in this sector of studies the problem of teachers on temporary contracts. pp. 7-32 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/ORLANDI7-32.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:339 2003-01-01 La catalogazione promossa dalla Regione Lazio nei musei archeologici: dalle schede di carta alla banca dati condivisa D'Ambrosio, I. Drummer, A. Pascucci, P. Rusca, F. Database Cultural Resource Management In 1998 the Museums Service of the Lazio Region began a project to set up a database for the archaeological finds (“RA” files) preserved in the museums of this area. The intention was to provide a simple means for locating and quantifying the finds preserved in each museum for the use of museum directors, regional offices and any external users. A management software programme - IDRA, developed by the firm Andromeda - was chosen with this in mind. Data structuring and normalisation methods to reach the necessary level of standardisation were defined during a series of meetings between archaeologists. These meetings produced a proposal for regulations in addition to those drawn up by ICCD in 1992, also including a section devoted to faunal remains from archaeological sites. The software was configured, with suitable adaptation and integration, on the basis of the specific requirements that emerged during the work. It was also designed to combine scientific correctness, data normalisation and compliance with national cataloguing rules, as well as being a functional and easy-to-use application. IDRA is designed as a client/server system with an SQL engine. As regards the database organisation, the system combines the philosophy of relational databases with object-oriented structures, in which the information is organised hierarchically. This enables data to be associated logically and permits the description of complex structures, such as those relative to the archaeological objects in question. Since it was felt that the use of a “stand-alone” software would render much of the efforts towards the normalisation and definition of terminology lists useless, a databank sharing system will be introduced, with centralised “management” in regional offices and diverse access levels for users. Today the database consists of about 10,000 files for 27 museums, soon to be completed with the relevant digital images. An assessment of this initial stage is currently a priority, also by means of comparison with other databases for a more accurate and selective compilation of terminology lists, while another priority is the experimentation of network connections for database sharing with each individual museum. pp. 33-71 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/DAMBROSIO33-72.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:340 2003-01-01 Dizionario dei soggetti e Thesaurus di Toponomastica Archeologica (TTA) Pardi, G. Venturi, D. Data encoding and metadata Survey and excavations The Dictionary of Subjects and the TTA are the results of the cataloguing of bibliographical resources. The TTA is a source of archaeological sites (8000 sites in the Mediterranean area, mostly in Tuscany) indexed by category. In TTA a place-name is the logical focus of a record. The record place-name includes the preferred place-name, the variant names and the historical names, the note that provides archaeological information about the place, the relative position in the administrative division of the State, the geographic coordinates (UTM or Gauss Boaga) and the bibliographic sources. The purpose of the TTA is to contribute to the knowledge of the topographical distribution of ancient peoples, with the advantage that the administrative subdivisions reflect those used by the Italian Institutes responsible for cultural heritage. pp. 73-96 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/PARDI73-96.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:341 2003-01-01 La logica fuzzy e le sue applicazioni alla ricerca archeologica Hermon, S. Niccolucci, F. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds This paper deals with the application of fuzzy logic to archaeological research. Fuzzy logic is based on a continuum of truth values ranging from 0 (False) to 1 (True) and thus may help whenever there exists some uncertainty on data assignment to predetermined categories. After examining the features and drawbacks of typological classification and the problem of gender and age assignment in cemetery excavations, the fundamentals of fuzzy logic are summarized. Four examples of archaeological applications are then presented. The first example deals with a necropolis in which tombs present a high degree of uncertainty as far as sex and age of the deceased are concerned. Therefore it is suggested to use a fuzzy database management system, i.e. a DBMS implementing fuzzy logic and function, for data storage and processing. Such a database software was previously developed for this application. In the following three examples, classification problems are considered and it is shown how the use of fuzzy logic may change their archaeological interpretation. The authors claim that a generalized use of fuzzy logic, as is widely applied in other sciences, may improve the quality of data processing and above all produce reliable and transparent results, or at least illustrate the degree of reliability the researcher grants to those data. pp. 97-110 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/NICCOLUCCI97-110.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:342 2003-01-01 Une reconstitution des climats du dernier cycle climatique à partir des diagrammes polliniques. Comparaison avec les données océaniques et glaciaires Bosselin, B. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems The multivariate treatment of long pollen sequences coming from peat bogs constitutes an easy and effective method of factorial regression for the semi-quantitative reconstruction of the Paleoclimates. The comparison of the results obtained for the upper Pleistocene with the isotopic profiles of sea- and ice-cores, then with the previous methods, confirms a structuralization of the last climatic cycle in four periods: the interglacial Riss/Wurm including the optimum Eemian, the lower pleniglacial, the Wurmian interpleniglacial and the upper pleniglacial, before the Holocene. A numbering system of these oscillations, correlated with the Dansgaard-Oeschger events recognized in the ice-cores of Greenland, is proposed. A final statistical treatment shows a cyclic evolution of the forest vegetation during the Eemian, an evolution which better translates the variations of the Paleoclimates (temperature and humidity) than the arboreal pollen rate (AP). pp. 111-136 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/BOSSELIN111-136.pdf FR Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:343 2003-01-01 Spatial Analysis Utilities (SAU). Uno strumento per lo studio quantitativo dei sistemi di distribuzione spaziale Macchi Jánica, G. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The study of the distributive characteristics of settlement patterns is one of the most important topics in the reconstruction of historical landscapes. Unfortunately, advanced knowledge of GIS techniques, as well as quantitative techniques and methods are required in order to achieve positive results in this area. Furthermore, the application of spatial analysis in archaeological research requires a large and expensive investment of software and hardware to accomplish such tasks. In order to address all these issues, this year we started the development of an analytical tool for the study and analysis of spatial distributions. This software, rather than a GIS application, will be conceived as a general utility for data processing. In fact, the main aim of Spatial Analysis Utilities (SAU) is to accomplish in a quick and easy manner the entire quantitative process. The philosophy of the software is to provide conclusive statistical data with just some mouse clicks to non-advanced GIS users. pp. 137-151 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/MACCHI137-152.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:344 2003-01-01 Cerveteri: topografia della Vigna Parrocchiale I. Ricerche e dati archeologici, con Appendice di S. Piro Nardi, G. History of applications and research projects Survey and excavations The article describes the topography and the main archaeological features of the “Vigna Parrocchiale” area, located on the urban plateau of the ancient Etruscan town of Cerveteri, where a geophysical survey has also been carried out (cfr. Colosi et al., this volume). The accurate description of data coming from field surveys, excavations and archival research makes it possible to recognize in this area a long archaeological stratification from the Villanovan through to the Roman period. These results, achieved over many years of archaeological research, can be profitably linked to those coming from the application of geophysical surveying techniques. The article closes with a technical Appendix, relevant to a magnetometric survey carried out in 1987 during the excavations conducted by CNR in the “Vigna Parrocchiale” area. pp. 153-176 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/NARDI153-176.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:345 2003-01-01 Cerveteri: topografia della Vigna Parrocchiale II. Metodologie integrate per lo studio di un'area archeologica, con Appendici di D. Petrelli e P. Mauriello Colosi, F. Gabrielli, R. Mauriello, P. Peloso, D. Remote Sensing Geoarchaeology The article presents activities and specific technologies connected to a multidisciplinary project, developed within the “Caere Project” (http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it) and conducted by researchers of the CNR-ITABC and the University of Molise. The goal of the research is to contribute to the archaeological documentation of the Etruscan town of Cerveteri (Rome-Italy), employing a vast array of technologies for the 3D reconstruction of the landscape. The research is also aimed at integrating instruments for topographic relief and innovative methodologies of surveying (DGPS, total stations, 3D laser scanning), to collect geometrical and morphological data at territorial and site scale. A geophysical survey in the Vigna Parrocchiale area, located in the centre of the urban plateau, was carried out using geoelectric methods of investigation to enable archaeologists to detect subsurface structures. The results obtained and illustrated in this paper will be validated by the reopening in the near future of the excavations by CNR-ISCIMA. pp. 177-197 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/COLOSI177-197.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:346 2003-01-01 An integrated approach to the application of geophysical methods to the Cecina Valley Survey Project Kay, S.J. Remote Sensing Geoarchaeology Since its establishment in 1987, the Cecina Valley Survey Project, directed by Nicola Terrenato of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, has undertaken the systematic investigation of the landscape surrounding the Etruscan, and then later Roman, city of Volaterrae in Northern Etruria, modern Tuscany. Whilst the main aim of the study is to investigate the distributions of settlements in the valley between 600 BC and AD 600, the survey has recorded the presence of artefacts of all periods. Together with a diverse approach to geophysical survey, the project has generated a wealth of data that has been documented within a spatial database, thus permitting interpretation to include both remotely sensed data and field surface collection. Through the powerful application of this GIS technology combined with a detailed site documentation, a useful methodology was developed that could be reapplied in the field. The combination of field walking and a multiple site approach to geophysical survey, enhanced by the application of mobile computing technology, allowed an immediate initial interpretation of the site to be made. This approach to field survey, combining the techniques of GIS, geophysics and traditional field walking, allowed a rapid detailed appraisal of the site, particularly through a target specific form of remote sensing. Presented here are some results from two seasons of geophysical surveying of rural settlements in the Cecina Valley and a discussion of the development of this integrated field survey approach. Appraisal is also made of the most suitable geophysical methods to be applied to individuate Hellenistic and early Roman rural settlements and the different forms of computer filter analysis that can be applied to extract clearer results. pp. 199-215 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/KAY199-215.pdf GB http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:347 2003-01-01 A digital Mediterranean countryside: GIS approaches to the spatial structure of the post-medieval landscape on Kythera (Greece) Bevan, A. Frederick, C. Krahtopoulou, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Mediterranean landscapes have been fragmented, connected and reformed by countless trackways, buildings and field systems. On the Greek Island of Kythera, an extensive and detailed record of such structures has been recorded as part of broader multidisciplinary investigation of the island’s long-term history by the Kythera Island Project (KIP). This rich dataset can be complemented further by KIP’s intensive archaeological and geoarchaeological surveys, offering both practical checks on existing data and insights at a greater resolution. This paper draws on this combination of material and deploys spatial analysis techniques to explore and quantify a range of issues relating to anthropogenic landscapes. pp. 217-236 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/BEVAN217-236.pdf GB http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavIV_a_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavIV_b_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:348 2003-01-01 Archeologia virtuale e supporti informatici nella ricostruzione di una domus di Pompei Scagliarini Corlàita, D. Coralini, A. Guidazzoli, A. Salmon Cinotti, T. Raffa, G. Roffia, L. Taboni, C. Malavasi, M. Sforza, F. Vecchietti, E. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Data dissemination and education The “domus del Centenario” is one of the largest houses in Pompei, and the focus of a far-reaching project of study and valorisation, based on an agreement between the Soprintendenza Archeologica of Pompei and the University of Bologna (Department of Archaeology). Its aim is to experiment with the use of a virtual reconstructive model to better contribute to both research and instructional aspects. An approach to build virtual environments for education in archaeology is described, in which many actors are involved. The required equipment, the professional skills and the related job planning issues are discussed. Virtual Archaeology products may be directed through many channels. Virtual sets, where real actors play in virtual reconstructions, offer new education opportunities to a large audience. PDA based interactivity enhances user-centric communication. The purpose of this paper is also to discuss a user-centric multichannel system, providing access to Virtual Archaeology based contents, both on-site and off-site; while the information base is shared, the interface devices are channel-specific and are calibrated to the fruition context. The system is called MUSE and is developed by a private company (DUCATI SISTEMI S.p.A.). The key system component is Whyre, an interactive and mobile device, designed to act as a personal virtual guide and to provide knowledge through words and images, on-site. Whyre technology is hidden behind its interface and shape: it carries inside a tiny PC-like computer equipped with a 3D-graphics accelerator and augmented with location detection sensors. It is wireless connected to a site server and is context-aware, so that only location and context relevant contents are submitted for the visitor’s attention. The display size is 6.4 inches and its resolution is 640x480 pixels. Several types of Virtual Archaeology based contents may be displayed. The paper reviews the Whyre architecture as well as the context production framework for the entire multichannel system. Eventually a visit experience with Whyre in Pompei, from Porta Marina to the “domus del Centenario”, is described, and the impact of delivering location-specific contents originated by virtual archaeological reconstructions is discussed. pp. 237-274 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/SCAGLIARINI237-274.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavVI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:349 2003-01-01 Crustumerium on line: presentazione telematica di un’area archeologica della periferia nord di Roma di Gennaro, F. Finocchietti, L. Dell’Era, F. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The article illustrates and discusses the planning and execution of an Internet site for the archaeological area of the ancient Latin city of Crustumerium. The city is located north of Rome and prospered from the ninth to the fifth centuries BC in parallel to Rome, which eventually conquered it. The text is divided into three parts. The first confronts problems linked to the presentation (and editing in response to new data) of a State controlled Internet site devoted to State controlled archaeological areas. The second clarifies the semiotic choices made during the creation of pages which synthesise various aspects of the archaeological discipline. The third concerns to the editing principles employed to reconcile the logic of hypertext with popular scientific presentation. A last section offers a commentary of a small selection of Internet sites belonging to institutions which present archaeological areas, grouped into three sections. pp. 275-294 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/DIGENNARO275-294.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:350 2003-01-01 Ricerche archeologiche sul campo e archivi digitali: il manoscritto di Ercole Nardi Barchesi, C. Moscati, P. Santoro, P. Scarpati, D. Data encoding and metadata Survey and excavations The article presents some aspects of the research project which has been carried out in the middle Tiber Valley (Sabina Tiberina), to analyse the distribution of archaeological sites in the territory, based on new field surveys and the study of archive documents (“Progetto Galantina”). The research takes advantage of the positive experiment conducted by the Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà Italiche e del Mediterraneo Antico (ISCIMA) of the Italian CNR to set up and integrate within a Geographical Information System a new model of archiving, managing and querying archaeological information, focused on the analysis of excavation diaries and their SGML and XML encoding. The implemented system gives rise to a many-sided repeatable digital model, easily exportable in various situations. The integration between the DTD established to formally describe archaeological data and the elements of the TEI Lite and Dublin Core standards makes it possible to record and query data coming from both published excavation reports and archive documents dating from the nineteenth century, which deal with the description of archaeological itineraries around Rome. The example presented in this paper refers to the manuscript by Ercole Nardi “Ruderi delle Ville Romano-Sabine nei dintorni di Poggio Mirteto” (1885) and is aimed at preserving archaeological information through digital supports, electronic exchange formats and especially reliability of the information integrity. Moreover, it makes an attempt to experiment and develop new forms of knowledge diffusion which are more suitable for interactive web consultation than passive reading. pp. 295-325 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/BARCHESI295-325.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n14_tavVIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:351 2003-01-01 Analisi spaziali intra-site. Soluzioni GIS per lo scavo archeologico D’Andrea, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Review article. pp. 329-335 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/DANDREA329-335.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:352 2003-01-01 Internet e multimedia Guermandi, M.P. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education Review article. pp. 336-339 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/GUERMANDI336-339.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:353 2003-01-01 Dal mondo della statistica applicata Moscati, P. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems Review article. pp. 340-344 2003-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF14/MOSCATI340-344.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XIV - 2003 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:355 2004-01-01 Languages, Communication, Information Technology: an introduction Moscati, P. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems Introduction to the Special Issue. pp. 11-22 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/00b_Intro.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:356 2004-01-01 The Arkeotek project: a European network of knowledge bases in the archaeology of techniques Gardin, J.-C. Roux, V. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems Two major features have emerged lately in the communication patterns of archaeological research: (a) an increasing use of the Web as a channel of information transfer, to complement or occasionally replace printed publications; (b) an exploration of new forms of archaeological discourse related to that trend. The Arkeotek project combines the two approaches in a specific domain of archaeological research described as “the archaeology of techniques” (hence its acronym). The present paper exposes the objectives and status of the European association recently set up under that name (2002), as well as its initial works and plans for the coming years. A comprehensive introduction deals with the origins and guiding principles of the project. The paper ends with a square review of the problems that lie ahead. pp. 25-40 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/01_Gardin.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:357 2004-01-01 Archeologia teorica e informatica archeologica. Un rapporto difficile Orlandi, T. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems Theoretical archaeology has known many important contributions in the last 20 years, both inside and outside the general archaeological handbooks. On the contrary, the methodology of computer applications has received less attention, because the formal linguistic character of computer procedures has been scarcely understood. A relevant exception is the fundamental logicist theory of J.-C. Gardin, which was conceived outside computer applications, but soon found its place in their methodology. Two recent books (with CD), publishing the results of such experiments, are discussed pp. 41-50 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/02_Orlandi.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:358 2004-01-01 La publication scientifique en langue naturelle est-elle en archéologie un discours logique? Essai de conception d’un langage cognitif d’aide à la pubblication Djindjian, F. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems The project of building a cognitive framework to formalise an archaeological language, proposed here, is oriented, not to computerise any archaeological language, but to offer a tool giving a framework mainly for the formalisation and the validation of an archaeological reasoning, as well as to deliver a readable procedure, which completes the conventional natural language of the archaeological publishing. The cognitive framework is based on a decomposition of the methodological iterative procedure into three levels: 1. Acquisition, 2. Structuring, 3. Modelling, in which a cognitive grammar is defined. A cognitive grammar normally defines statements and predicates. The statements have been classified, among the more frequent archaeological statement types, which are generally, for both real and virtual objects, the results of a correlation of intrinsic and extrinsic archaeological information. The predicates are also classified following the nature of decisions they imply, either general to Human sciences, or specific to Archaeology: – identification/differentiations (generalisation of a statement at a n+1 rank), – stabilisation/destabilisations (delimiting the validity value of a statement), – exploration/renunciation (reduction of the potential ways), – paradigmatisation (hypothetical introduction of a rule at an upper level), – appropriations/disappropriations (explicit projection of the archaeologist point of view in the reasoning). The cognitive grammar is used at each of the three levels of the previously defined methodological framework. The formalisation of such a cognitive framework is materialised by a set of statement objects and predicate objects, at each three different levels. Each object may be defined as trivial (needing no more formalisation) or may be linked to another similar cognitive structure, at the origins of the decomposition of the construct into a general system of nested cognitive objects. The archaeological construct, for the scientific publishing, may be materialised by a conventional natural language, to which nested formal constructs are annexed, enabling the reader to more easily validate the logic of the reasoning. The paper is illustrated by examples of applications. pp. 51-61 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/03_Djindjan.pdf FR Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:359 2004-01-01 Scrivere per il multimediale: alcune riflessioni di un non-specialista, a partire da un’esperienza recente Zanini, E. Multimedia and web tools Theoretical and methodological problems This paper moves from an analysis of some characteristics of text-writing for multimedia products and moves to a general reflection on the nature of archaeological communication, in its forms as well as in its contents and final goals. Multimedia products represent a new field of development in archaeological communication, due to the possibility of associating among them various “vectors of information” (text, images, animations, 3d modelling etc.), to obtain the desired informative effect. From another point of view – maybe more interesting – such a new tool of communication imposes a careful reflection on the methodologies, strategies and procedures related to the acquisition of the archaeological data (Which data? How many data? Recorded with which tools and procedures?). Consequently, the reflection on the archaeological publication on multimedia systems is related to the broader debate on an in-depth revision of the theoretical and methodological approaches to the archaeological job in the field. pp. 63-79 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/04_Zanini.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:360 2004-01-01 Archaeology and the new technological fetishism Huggett, J. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems Almost everything that is written or said about the use of information technology within archaeology relates to hardware and applications and there is a general poverty of (published) material which considers the implications of the application and use of these tools on the way that the discipline of archaeology is practised. Although we are generally comfortable with the idea that technology has changed the way we live our everyday lives, and the ever-increasing pace of that change, for some reason there appears to be a general reluctance to consider that such changes and the pace of these changes may also impact on archaeology. This paper proposes that computer-using archaeologists have for too long ignored a critical area of research: the consequences of the new information and communication technologies we use. Archaeologists point with justifiable pride to the tradition of self-critical analysis of new ideas and methodological changes within the subject. Archaeologists question their data, their methodologies, their theories, their conclusions, the very basis of their subject, yet it appears that archaeology operates within a “bubble”, somehow immune to the consequences of the new technologies that are more and more a part of both the world around us and of archaeology itself. Furthermore, archaeologists are accustomed to theorising about technological changes in the past (ranging from new flint technologies, bronze and iron working, the evolution of the plough, developments in literacy, and so on), and may bring new perspectives to contemporary analysis of the technological world around us. pp. 81-92 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/05_Hugget.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:361 2004-01-01 Linguaggi dichiarativi per la ricerca archeologica Barchesi, C. Ceccarelli, L. Data encoding and metadata Theoretical and methodological problems This article presents a detailed overview of the principal languages for the representation, interchange and exploitation of data, both textual and graphical. In particular, a detailed discussion is made of the procedure of text encoding. The approach taken in the article emphasises the importance of the World Wide Web for data dissemination and the fundamental issue of standards: HTML, XML and its derivate languages are analysed in detail. Importance has been given to the languages that represent not only the characters that textual sources contain but also the structure, content and appearance of the data. Two types of markup languages are presented: procedural and descriptive. A procedural markup specifies how the document should be presented. Descriptive (or logical) markup languages describe the structure of a document, such as SGML. The article considers the topics of international standards as the TEI Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange for the description of marked-up electronic texts and the RDF metadata recommendation. The first section concludes with a presentation of the innovative aspects of the Semantic Web. The second part focuses on spatial, graphical and multimedia data, and their display and exchange over the Web. The development of the Geography Markup Language (GML) is introduced and discussed, as well as other vector formats derived by XML, such as SVG, to construct structured spatial and non-spatial information for data sharing over the Web. Importance has also been given to the virtual reality languages such as VRML, an ISO standard, and the XML-based X3D. In conclusion the article aims to present a broad view not only of the technical aspects of data encoding but also the analysis of the standards, which are fundamental in the light of data interoperability and exchange pp. 95-113 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/06_Barchesi.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:362 2004-01-01 Sistema Informativo Generale del Catalogo: nuovi strumenti per la gestione integrata delle conoscenze sui beni archeologici Mancinelli, M.L. History of applications and research projects Cultural Resource Management The Central Institute for Cataloguing and Documentation (ICCD), a body of the Ministry of Cultural Resources and Activities that handles the cataloguing and documentation of Italy’s cultural heritage, recently concluded the project undertaken for the creation of the General Cataloguing Information System (SIGEC), an effort focused on making possible the integrated management of the different types of information – alpha-numeric, multimedia, geographic – available on the resources. An especially interesting aspect of the SIGEC, and one of its strengths, is the possibility of cross-referencing the informative data on the resources to their home territory, revealing the logical, historical and spatial relations between the environmental and anthropogenic elements, as well as the other entities of cultural interest, found in a given geographic setting. The result is an improved and better informed knowledge of the resources in question, which are placed in their proper context of time and space. While these considerations are valid for all types of cultural resources, they are especially pertinent to the archaeological heritage, which, as tangible evidence of past civilisations, takes on particular value and meaning at the precise moment in which it is placed in the historical and territorial context in which it originated and existed. The complexity and variety of the cultural resources have made it necessary to formulate specific technological and cataloguing tools with which, under the SIGEC, the geographic data generated by the customary GIS instruments is correlated with the descriptive information obtained on the resources, as well as with the sum total of the relevant documentation (graphic materials, images, multimedia pieces). In the specific case of archaeological resources, both the measures currently in force and those being updated or drawn up for the first time have been supplemented with the core information necessary for the application of the functions of the system. In addition, the cataloguing standards have been reformulated, creating a multifaceted structure in which the chart for the Archaeological Site (SI) serves as the historical-territorial reference framework for the other types of charts (SAS, Stratigraphic Survey; MA-CA, Archaeological Monument – Archaeological Complex; RA, Archaeological Artefact; NU, Numismatics; TMA, Table of Materials), making it possible to determine the space-time context of the resources described therein. pp. 115-128 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/07_Mancinelli.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:363 2004-01-01 The Danube in Prehistory in the digital age: towards a common information environment for European archaeology Kilbride, W. History of applications and research projects Cultural Resource Management Europe is a very old and very small continent. The accession of ten new states to the EU in spring 2004 reminds us that the political boundaries we police and survey would have made little sense to the ancient populations who moved freely across our frontiers. Our disparate national and local heritage services represent different traditions and experiences of researching, recording, presenting and managing what should be among our principal assets. This diversity risks undermines research and conservation, it inhibits international strategies for heritage management and institutionalises anachronism. Can information technologies support the EU’s stated aim of creating a single European research area for archaeology? This paper investigates the long-standing question of how different archaeological data sets in different parts of Europe may be aligned more closely to support research learning and teaching. It identifies emerging technologies to for resource discovery, integration and delivery, placing these in the context of organisational evolution. It asks how these organisations and technologies might work together to support archaeological information at a continental scale. pp. 129-144 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/08_Kilbride.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:364 2004-01-01 Archaeology within the Andalusian Thesaurus of the Historical Heritage (TAPH). Design, implementation and computerisation Garcia Sanjuán, L. Muñoz Cruz, V. History of applications and research projects Cultural Resource Management This article discusses the criteria and methodology applied for the insertion and later development of the archaeological terminology into the Andalusian Thesaurus of the Historical Heritage (TAPH), published in 1998. Firstly, the background and precedents that gave way to the creation of such documentation language are dealt with. Secondly, we comment upon the problems encountered in the integration of the archaeological vocabulary within a thesaurus that comprises several other heritage-related disciplines such as Architecture, Ethnology or Art History. Thirdly, the significance of the TAPH five years after its publication is evaluated, with a special emphasis in the process of its implementation and computerisation within the Information System of the Andalusian Historical Heritage. pp. 145-160 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/09_Garcia.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:365 2004-01-01 Forma e funzione: osservazioni sul rapporto fra nuovi sviluppi dell’archeologia e il linguaggio descrittivo, con Appendice di F. Notarstefano Semeraro, G. History of applications and research projects Classification of archaeological finds Central to the arguments developed in the paper is an examination of the contextual approach to the interpretation of archaeological data. The management systems for excavation data are seen as strategic instruments for realising the potential of the means of analysis and interpretation of contexts. In this regard, the problem of which standards to adopt in the definition of finds, in particular portable items, becomes crucial. The paper discusses the most suitable criteria for the creation of dictionaries (structures for cataloguing) aimed at evidencing the functional aspects of portable finds, as an instrument for the best interpretation of contexts. The experience of the Archaeological Computer Laboratory of Lecce University is presented. pp. 161-183 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/10_Semeraro.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:366 2004-01-01 Tancas serradas a muros. Tracce di incomunicabilità nel “linguaggio” dell’archeologia, tra tutela, archeologia del paesaggio e pianificazione territoriale Azzena, G. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems There are marked “incommunicability symptoms” in language with which archaeology should communicate, in particular, with urban and landscape planning, and also possible relationships with new methods of landscape interpretation and management. In a vanishing context no longer based only on historical instance, “interdisciplinarity” is a possible solution. pp. 185-197 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/11_Azzena.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:367 2004-01-01 On the coding of archaeological finds Camiz, S. Data encoding and metadata Classification of archaeological finds The problem of coding archaeological finds is discussed. The different items susceptible to coding are described according to the kind of information that must be collected. Some new coding techniques are described in particular: the landmarks technique, to be used for the shape analysis of corpora of finds all having a similar shape; the textual coding, useful for the study of images, once both the elements and attitudes and the sub-images composing the image are taken into account; a symbolic coding, to be used in the study of the syntactical structure of the images, describing the relations among items, regardless of the iconographical content. An overview of the exploratory analysis issues is given as conclusion. pp. 201-218 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/12_Camiz.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:368 2004-01-01 L’entropia dell’archeologia computazionale ovvero dall’ordine al disordine D’Andrea, A. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems Starting from the remark that scientific progress and cultural background proceed in a dialectical way, this paper seeks to deepen the relationship between scientific thought, archaeology and information technology. The still rationalist approach of information technology presses archaeologists toward applications where the quantity of data to manage and manipulate is dominant. The importance of quantitative methods is not balanced by an adequate reflection about the connection between archaeological theory, information technology and mathematical formalism. In archaeological field rules, as in other scientific areas, an attitude within the common expectation of confidence towards information technology seems deterministic; in this view technology is neutral and independent in comparison to the changes of the society. This is the dominant framework of archaeological computing closed within autarchy, self-reference and productive myth. The paper examines the possibility to define a different way of formal description and then analysis of archaeological objects. These different approaches, borrowed from other disciplines, are not dependent only from the theoretical model that the archaeologist selects for the digital reproduction of reality. They are a reflexive attitude and research experience which enables archaeologists to articulate in a flexible way data description and formalization without falling into the trap of the true/false opposition and the presumed neutrality of quantitative methods in archaeology. pp. 219-238 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/13_D'andrea.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:369 2004-01-01 Statistical analysis using multistate qualitative variables applied to the human dental morphological traits in the Bronze Age (Granada, Spain, 1300-1500 B.C.) Esquivel, J.A. al Oumaoui, I. Jiménez-Brobeil, S. Statistics Archaeometry The study of dental morphological traits in prehistoric populations is a new method of analysis and allows us to determine important characteristics of different human populations. In this paper we study the dental feature traits proposed by the ASU System (developed by Turner et al. in Arizona State University) by means of an alphanumeric and graphic database recording the dental morphological characteristics and the possible dental diseases (caries, dental wear, etc.). These traits are easily observed, and persist many years in dentally harsh life styles, evolving very slowly and without sex dimorphism. The multivariate data set obtained using the ASU System is defined by means of multistate qualitative variables, and the methodology of statistical analysis is the following: – The MMD test (Mean Measures of Divergence) was developed by Sjovold (1977) to observe the differences between two or more previously established and defined groups by means of multistate qualitative variables. It is also possible to test if existing differences among populations are ethnic, cultural, etc. – A Cluster Analysis algorithm developed by one of the authors (Esquivel1988) that enables us to build a grouping using qualitative multistate variables by means of specific developments in Information Theory established by Claude Shannon. Therefore, it is possible to determine the similarities of dental morphological traits between human groups, and compare these results with other previous information from archaeological data. This methodology has been applied to analyse human genetic diversity using exclusively dental morphological characteristics to determine the diffusion of the culture of the Argar, a prehistoric culture which existed in 1300-1500 BC The analysis has been applied to the teeth of 116 subjects belonging to the Argaric culture in the neighbouring settlements of Castellón Alto and Fuente Amarga (Granada, Spain), and the teeth of 58 subjects belonging to the non-Argaric settlement of La Navilla, also 1300-1500 BC, about 150 Kms. Distant. The results show a biological continuity, endogamy phenomena and genetic drifts. Finally, the study of the maxillar pathology like cavities and dental wear tells us about dental health, food and food preparation. pp. 239-255 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/14_Esquivel.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:370 2004-01-01 Seriazione ed epigrafia: l’impiego di BASP (the Bonn Archaeological Software Package) nello studio di iscrizioni Marchesini, S. Database Epigraphy and numismatics By editing the Monumenta Linguae Messapicae (Wiesbaden 2002), realised between 1996 and 1999 at the University of Tübingen as part of a DFG Project, a new software, developed and widely used in the archaeology field, was for the first time improved for epigraphic aims: the Bonn Archaeological Software Package (BASP). In detail, the “seriate” tool, which is included in the Package, enables the chronological ordering of inscriptions coming from defined contexts, sequencing the Units (=Inscriptions) by a principle of association of similar letter types. A chronological oriented track chart (“Streugraphic”) is the result of the processing, where single epigraphic phases can be distinguished and observed: each phase can moreover be dated, if acceptable dating sources are available for some items. The new software tool can open interesting research output for Epigraphy, since it makes possible the drawing of chronological grids of inscriptions by stable coordinates. Furthermore, the insertion of new inscriptions in the chart and their relative chronological assignment can easily be obtained with the new method. pp. 257-266 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/15_Marchesini.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:371 2004-01-01 Sistema di filologia computazionale per testi demotici Bresciani, E. Menchetti, A. Bozzi, A. Fedele, G. Computer Graphics IP CAD Epigraphy and numismatics A project for a Demotic Inscriptions on Ostraka Database is being carried out in collaboration between ILC/CNR (Pisa), the Department of Electronic Engineering (Calabria University) and the Department of the Ancient World History (Egyptological section, Pisa University). The aim of the project is to analyse the digital colour images of demotic texts on ostraka (Medinet Madi, in Fayyum region) with the aid of computational tools. The module described in the paper is a neural component able to learn the graphical features of each demotic symbol, which has been previously segmented in the images thanks to a semiautomatic procedure. A specific neural network tries to recognize the text written in the images linking the symbols segmented within the ostraka images database to the correspondent symbols available on a virtual keyboard. The graphical interface is particularly useful for teaching and research activities on this type of archaeological documentation. pp. 267-286 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/16_Bozzi.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:372 2004-01-01 Monete e testi. Il cartaceo e l’immagine Serafin, P. Database Epigraphy and numismatics The case of the peculiar kind of jewellery with coins made by the XIX century Castellani manufactory from Rome, is the reason why a program of data elaboration has been implemented, to manage a quantity of written information (archives and figurative and technical descriptions) together with images: five different sheets are needed to join all the main elements. On this basis, an analogous database can be developed to investigate texts such as the XVI century manuscript by Pirro Ligorio, where coins are used to write a historical prosopography illustrating by means of drawings the history of the most famous old men. However, the coins are not always reproduced in the right way or the same coin is used on different occasions: a program like this can detect these cases. Computer analysis together with traditional humanistic research, will achieve, on a historical basis, remarkable results. pp. 287-296 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/17_Serafin.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:373 2004-01-01 Point pattern analysis revisited Orton, C. Statistics Theoretical and methodological problems Point pattern analysis has been one of archaeology’s quantitative approaches since at least the 1970s, and has been applied at a range of scales, from the region to the site. Various techniques have been “borrowed” from other disciplines, notably ecology, such as quadrat analysis, nearest-neighbour analysis and kernel density analysis. There have also been “home-grown” techniques such as Local Density Analysis, Presab and Unconstrained Clustering, as well as the use of Cluster Analysis itself. This paper reviews these developments, assessing their strengths and weaknesses. A statistical advance was made in the 1970s with the development of the K function approach. This has become embodied in the ecological statistical software package ADE-4 as the Ripley and Intertype programs. These programs were found in a search for suitable affordable software for teaching spatial analysis at post-graduate level, and have been used in this role for three years, taking as a test-bed the Danish mesolithic site of Barmose I. The outcome of this work is presented as a case study and compared with earlier analyses of this dataset. The value of ADE-4 for archaeological spatial analysis is assessed. pp. 299-315 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/18_Orton.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:374 2004-01-01 Topologia: identificazione, significato e valenza nella ricerca archeologica Cattani, M. Fiorini, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Topology is the science to manage and identify spatial relationships between geometrical features. Application of topology in archaeology means the possibility of analysing the logic of space as it was in the mind of ancient communities or as it has been fixed in stratigraphical contexts by post-depositional effects. Qualitative definition of proximity, continuity, connection and of many other spatial properties, included since the earlier registration on the field for each archaeological feature, broaden the capability to find out spatial relationships and formal representation of logical expression of space. The intent of this paper is to deal with the apparently difficult aspect of topology, starting from recent applications in architecture or, only partially, in archaeology. It suggests to find out methods of approach through a new form of stratigraphical unit and through representations of system theories and graphs. A case study of architectural protohistorical complex is presented for application of these principles and facilitate the comprehension of the use of topology. The development of GIS is always more directed to record and ensure spatial topological data and it appears to be the best way for future applications in archaeology. pp. 317-340 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/19_Cattani.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:375 2004-01-01 Modello dei dati e trattamento del dato sul GIS di scavo Valenti, M. Nardini, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The paper focuses on the problems related to archaeological excavation data management through the use of a GIS solution; it considers aspects ranging from the planning of an open and functional data model, fitting the complexity of stratigraphy, to the possibilities of data processing such as the production of thematic maps or the elaboration of interpretative and predictive models using statistical and mathematical tools. It also discusses the difficulty of 3D data recording, as well as the recent technological development of Internet mapping servers and web-based dynamic GIS systems. pp. 341-358 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/20_Valenti.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:376 2004-01-01 L’Atlante informativo dei beni culturali “Cluster”: da strumento di ricerca a portale di diffusione multimediale della conoscenza Petacco, L. Sasso D'Elia, L. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The Second University of Naples has been working, for the last three years, on a cultural heritage atlas of the most interesting areas of the Caserta district, for the first time considering this region as a single unit, in terms of archaeological and historical evidence, from antiquity to modern times. Therefore, the data model – designed to classify the evidence – permits the virtual repatriation of cultural resources that have either been transferred or destroyed throughout the last centuries. It also permits the expansion of the scale of investigation, from the reading of the landscape through time to the archaeological excavation of the most significant areas, such as Calatia (Maddaloni, Caserta). Nevertheless, the object of the research was a multi-faceted reality, in terms of quality, spatial and temporal dimensions and chronology. For that reason, the information system developed has a complex architecture, structured on the usual four dimensions, including the temporal level. Great importance has been given to the development of a multi-medial information system, supporting all the different experts involved in research (archaeologists, experts in ancient topography, art historians, architects) and the different sources, such as aerial photographs, ancient cartography, files, images, both ancient and new. The hardware is also innovative: it enables the user to integrate both Intranet and Internet solutions and to use both fixed and mobile equipment, as well as to acquire images both through scanners and digital cameras. The engine for data base processing is SQL Server at the moment, even if a future exploitation of Oracle is considered; the input/output clients are carried out through Microsoft Access 2002. The GIS engine is ESRI and it is fully integrated with the applications through a viewer, designed to allow bidirectional queries, both from cartography to database and vice versa. This information system is structured to run on Intranet at the moment; meanwhile a consultation and input data pilot project of image files has been started up, before sending the information collected on Web. The viewer GIS has been set up for use in a Web GIS context. pp. 359-379 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/21_Petacco.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:377 2004-01-01 Basi di dati georeferenziati in ambiente GIS: esperienze di ricerca archeologica e topografica in siti magnogreci e siciliani Parra, M.C. Arnese, A. Gargini, M. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations In 1998 the Laboratory for History, Archaeology and Topography of the Ancient World of the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa began an experiment with archaeological databases and GIS. Initially, we made a GIS for the Entella survey. Since then, the experiment on this sample-survey has become a more structured system for the management of archaeological data (excavations, surveys, pictures, artefacts, etc.). In particular, we have focused our attention on data normalisation. Since 2002 we have also used a GPS receiver for the Kaulonia survey in order to geo-reference the sites. At the moment, the GIS manages only survey data, but it could also include excavation data. Using this system we are able to create chronological maps, and analyse infra- and intra-site artefact distribution. pp. 381-391 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/22_Parra.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:378 2004-01-01 The landscapes of power: visibility, time and (dis)continuity in central Italy Rajala, U. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Interpreting the results of computerised methods in archaeology cannot be done without a reference to theoretical archaeology. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the theoretical assumptions behind the use of GIS and visibility analysis in modelling controlled territories. An underlying assumption is that changing locations of settlements are related to changing needs of communities in their environment. The relationship between visible areas and those needed for subsistence is reviewed in a specific context. The case studies presented are those of Nepi and Gabii. The different position these sites had in central Italian settlement hierarchies is discussed in relation with the interwoven relationship between assumptions on and interpretations of the results of visibility analyses. pp. 393-408 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/23_Rajala.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:379 2004-01-01 “Segeda Project”: the I.T. management of the territory of a Celtiberian city-state Burillo Mozota, F. Escolano Utrilla, S. Ruíz Budría, E. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations This article defends the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the management, analysis, examination and modelling of the archaeological data concerning the territory. Within this context, we outline some types of analyses that are being carried out with the use of GIS applied to the case of Segeda. Drawing on these and other experiments, we conclude that GIS technologies and their well-established capacity for the integration, analysis and examination of information from different sources constitute a particularly effective tool for the modelling of complex realities such as the one we are concerned with in our project. pp. 409-420 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/24_Burillo.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavVIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavIX_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:380 2004-01-01 Realtà virtuale, beni culturali e cibernetica: un approccio ecosistemico Forte, M. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Theoretical and methodological problems The revolution of digital technologies in the past has focused attention mainly on the technical power and not on the semantic level of informative and communicational aspects. In the field of virtual heritage the risk was/is to enhance the amazing esthetic features despite the informative/narrative feedback and cognition within the virtual worlds. How much information can I get from a virtual system? How does it communicate? How can we process this kind of interactive information? The importance of the virtual reality systems in the applications of cultural heritage should be oriented towards the capacity to change ways and approaches to learning. The Virtual communicates, the user learns and creates new information. Typically we define as linear learning, tools and actions, such as books, audio guides, catalogues and so on (in this case the communication is a linear sequence), and reticular learning VR systems where the user is immersed within reticules of information and visual data. In this paper we try to analyse the relations between virtual reality, cultural heritage and cybernetics according to an ecological approach. pp. 423-448 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/25_Forte.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavXI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:381 2004-01-01 Digital spaces: Pompeii, the Internet, and beyond Anderson, M.A. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Survey and excavations The emphasis of archaeological communication is no longer simply text on paper, but has moved on to encompass the expression of space and visibility. This paper discusses these new phenomena from the perspective of two recent projects, both of which presented spatial research material for dissemination on the World Wide Web. The first created a QuickTime virtual reality of Pompeii, Regio VI, and the second used an Internet based game engine to create a real-time virtual reconstruction of a Pompeian house. The paper also examines issues central to the integration of academia with the Internet and computing technology such as the advantages and disadvantages of using proprietary software and the opportunities and responsibilities presented by communication in the global community. pp. 449-464 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/26_Anderson.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavXII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:382 2004-01-01 Tele-archaeology Barceló, J.A. Bogdanovic, I. Piqué, R. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education Tele-archaeology, in its basic sense, may be defined as the use of telecommunications to provide archaeological information and services. Two different kinds of technology make up most of the tele-archaeology applications in use today. The first is used for transferring information from one location to another. The other is multi-way interactive knowledge distribution. In this paper we examine the possibilities of tele-archaeology, and offer a general framework to implement this technology. The main positive effect of tele-archaeology is the move towards a real “distributed interactive archaeology”, which means that archaeological knowledge building is a collective and dynamic series of tasks and processes. An individual archaeologist cannot fully explain his/her data because the explanatory process needs knowledge as raw material, and this knowledge does not exist in the individual mind of the scientist but in the research community as a global set. pp. 467-481 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/27_Barcelo et al.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:383 2004-01-01 Nuovi linguaggi e “vecchie tecnologie”: comunicare la conoscenza archeologica attraverso la rete Guermandi, M.P. Multimedia and web tools Theoretical and methodological problems This paper will briefly discuss the development of networking communication technologies in the archaeology field. Internet technologies could introduce a new communication structure with the use of interactivity and hypermedia: but until now archaeological web sites still operate fundamentally through language, using almost exclusively a “symbolic-reconstructive” cognitive way that is a linguistic way; on the other hand another way of knowledge transmission is a “perceptive-motor” based on repeating cycles of perception-action-perception. Technologies that are web based, both visual and interactive, allow us to learn and exchange knowledge by-passing the linguistic barrier. Nowadays the computer is able to simulate a universe and make it available for human perceptive-motor activity. The constructivist learning theory often informs these new approaches, however, transplanting learning theory to the web poses unique challenges. pp. 483-496 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/28_Guermandi.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:384 2004-01-01 www.beazley.ox.ac.uk, con Appendici di G. Parker e A. Parks Kurtz, D. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education This article offers a summary of the Oxford University’s Beazley Archive of Classical Archaeology and Art work since 1999 (for the period 1988 to 1999 see the tenth volume of this journal). The most important developments have been the migration of all of the Archive’s databases and educational programmes on to the web (www.beazley.ox.ac.uk); the diversification of materials studied and methods of presentation; the imminent amalgamation of more than twenty databases into one searchable master dataset. This five-year summary is divided into three parts: the first part relates to the content and presentation of the Beazley Archive, with particular reference to the Pottery Database and the recent three-year project to digitise the CVA volumes for the web, which was granted to the Beazley Archive by the Union Académique Internationale; the second part relates to the technical structure of the datasets, storage and back up facilities and the third part relates to the nature and extent of the Archive’s electronic assets and their relation to others in the University of Oxford. pp. 497-508 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/29_Kurz.pdf ENG Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n15_tavXIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:385 2004-01-01 Un portale per l’archeologia medievale Francovich, R. Isabella, L. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education Thanks to the great development in the use of the Internet, even in Archaeology the Net can be exploited both as a means to spread new research results, and to create a dialogue between different institutions like Universities, Superintendences, archaeological and cultural associations. Nowadays, through thousands of web sites, users have acquired a good experience in surfing and are able to choose which site to visit and not. This article presents a detailed description of our web site for Medieval Archaeology, which counts more than 6000 web pages since it was put on line in 1996. It has become a benchmark and a starting point for every kind of research in medieval archaeology on the Internet. pp. 509-520 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/30_Francovich.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:386 2004-01-01 Considerazioni sulla reale “usabilità” di mappe, GIS e cartografia a contenuto archeologico su Web Ulisse, F. GIS and cartography Data dissemination and education An increasing number of scholars involved in archaeological studies and research projects are looking to the Internet as a means of making their results known. With the idea that a web designer should not work too far from the perceptions of the possible web user and bearing in mind some of the more recent discussions in the “web-usability” debate, the author offers some considerations on the real and effective usability of these web-publications, with particular regard to maps, GIS and cartography, since these types of publications, by the very nature of their construction, should maintain their high communication potential. pp. 521-529 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/31_Ulisse.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:389 2004-01-01 Recensioni - Archeologia e Calcolatori XV Barchesi, C. Caravale, A. Ceccarelli, L. 2004-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Moscati P. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF15/32_Recensioni.pdf IT Moscati P. (ed.), New Frontiers of Archaeological Research. Languages, Communication, Information Technology, Moscati P. (ed.) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XV - 2004 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:390 2005-01-01 Charun. Una banca-dati per le urne etrusche, con Appendice di M. Novelli De Angelis, F. Database Classification of archaeological finds The Etruscan demon that guided and protected the deceased in the underworld has given his name to a database related to funerary urns produced in northern Etruria (Chiusi, Volterra, Perugia) during the Hellenistic period and often characterised by figurative decorations. The database, called Charun, is at this time dedicated entirely to monuments from Chiusi and is published on the Internet (http://charun.sns.it/). In this database data on the urns, the tombs in which they were found and the related grave goods, have been inserted. Bibliographic information has been collected and the relationships between the various typologies have been considered for each of the artefacts. From a particular urn it is possible to locate the data related to the tomb in which it was found, or from a particular set of grave goods one can find information concerning the specific objects which it included. The most detailed entries are those based on inscriptions, which are particularly common on objects from Chiusi. The web site includes interactive maps which are useful for locating the sites where the urns were found and for analysing their distribution. pp. 7-40 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/DEANGELIS7-40.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:391 2005-01-01 Le monete fenicie e puniche in Internet: appunti per un sistema integrato di informatizzazione Manfredi, L. I. Database Epigraphy and numismatics The ever increasing presence of websites dedicated to antique numismatics and in particular to auctions of coins has raised the question of how this kind of material should be handled and the need to create highly specialised websites on a scientific level capable of monitoring, examining and organising the bulk of material circulating on the Internet. As far as Phoenician and Punic coinage is concerned, ISCIMA is in the process of setting up on-line a complete and thorough computerised database which is also part of its advanced studies program related to the early Italic civilisation of the Mediterranean basin. This streamlined database will group together all the websites dealing with Phoenician and Punic coins and provide a scientific bibliography of all the material concerning this subject. pp. 41-57 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/MANFREDI41-57.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:392 2005-01-01 S.I.R.A.X. Sistema informatizzato per l'archiviazione e gestione delle lastre radiografiche di beni culturali de Marinis, G. Milazzo, F. Di Maggio, A. Guadagno, A. Pasqualini, M. Database Conservation and restoration The S.I.R.A.X program was conceived in order to create organised and consultable archives of X-ray radiographs. In 2003 in fact, the Archaeological Superintendency of the Marches Region set up an X-ray camera and inaugurated an important project to catalogue the 3000 X-rays taken by the Archaeological Superintendency of Tuscany between 1970 and 2000. This is one of the most important X-ray archives in existence and the Restoration Laboratory of Ancona conceived the S.I.R.A.X. program in order to reorganise it along with the other X-rays which they had taken themselves. S.I.R.A.X. is organised along two main lines: the management form is for data entry activity and the creation of an identification card for a more detailed individual report; the consultation mode facilitates the information retrieval. The program presents a simple and immediate interface which is easy to use, not only by experts but also by people not usually involved in this kind of activity. In accordance with this plan, S.I.R.A.X. will be made available on the Internet as soon as possible. pp. 59-81 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/DEMARINIS89-52.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:393 2005-01-01 Third-party data for first class research Naylor, J.D. Richards, J.D. Data encoding and metadata Cultural Resource Management The use of third-party data is becoming an increasingly important part of archaeological research but there has been little critical analysis of such data sets, or their use. This paper highlights both the challenges and benefits of third-party data through discussion of the experiences of the UK’s Arts and Humanities Research Council-funded project Viking and Anglo-Saxon Landscape and Economy. It shows that the background organisation and intended audience of third-party data set can greatly affect how the data is collated and presented, and the enhancement of such resources for particular research aims may be labour intensive and time consuming, and should not be underestimated. However, it is argued that the usefulness of third-party data sets outweighs any potential problems which may be encountered, but that there needs to be recognition of these challenges and appropriate training provided for future archaeologists. pp. 83-91 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/NAYLOR83-92.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:394 2005-01-01 Digitization of cultural heritage: model of an integral, three-dimensional spatio-temporal thesaurus Laužikas, R. History of applications and research projects Cultural Resource Management Digital technologies developed during the last decades substantially change the processes of accumulation, custody, record and investigation of cultural heritage as well as the processes of spread of information on cultural heritage. Basic features of current situation of digitalization of Lithuanian cultural heritage are: a) willingness of most institutions to digitalize the data they have; b) financial problems of digitalization; c) absence of national strategy; d) low level of inter-institutional collaboration; e) low level of standardization. Taking into account the last three features we can forecast that sooner or later (if the situation does not change) Lithuanian digital information systems of cultural heritage will be confronted with the problem of usage efficiency. Perhaps the most important parameters characterizing cultural heritage are historical space and historical time. But we do not have any wider systems of presentation and classification of historical space and time designed for digitalization of cultural heritage in Lithuania. Object of this article is the models of historical geography and historical chronology applied in the digitalization of cultural heritage. Aim of the article is the presentation and substantiation of the model of a space and time thesaurus (standard) of Lithuanian systems of digitalization of cultural heritage. The basic aims of such a thesaurus are the following: 1) creation of a universal method of presentation of historical space and time in digital environment; 2) consolidation of a general scheme (standard) of periodization and historical geography (to put on end to disputes among the specialists on this subject); 3) standardization of space and time presentation in digital environment; 4) organization of management of digital information of cultural heritage; 5) geographical and chronological classification of the objects of cultural heritage; 6) integration of all historical geographical data in a single system that becomes a form of digital cultural heritage; 7) digitalization of the data of different objects of cultural heritage in single and integral form; 8) analysis and dating of information of the objects of cultural heritage; 9) creation of schemes of cultural development. pp. 93-112 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/LAUZIKAS93-112.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:395 2005-01-01 The Tiber Valley Project. The role of GIS and databases in field survey data integration and analysis Kay, S.J. Witcher, R.E. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Information Technology is at the heart of the Tiber Valley Project, from the integration, storage and analysis of data, through project management to the visualization and dissemination of results. Here, some of the ongoing applications of this technology, both implicit and explicit, have been presented. Detailed results will be published as the project continues, with a synthetic volume currently in preparation (PATTERSON et al. in preparation). pp. 113-127 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/KAY113-128.pdf ENG http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:396 2005-01-01 Relazioni tra geomorfologia, processi post-deposizionali e visibilità del suolo nella lettura dei dati di prospezione archeologica Belvedere, O. Burgio, A. Cucco, R.M. Lauro, D. Statistics Survey and excavations This paper takes into examination two different districts of the vast area investigated by the archaeological survey of the hinterland of the ancient Greek colony of Himera: the coastal area between the northern Imera and Rocella rivers and the hilly watershed zone located between the northern Imera, southern Imera and Platani rivers. The study examines the relationships between geomorphology, post-depositional processes and visibility of the ground and their impact on the interpretation of data collected during the archaeological survey and, consequently, on the historical reconstruction of the population of the territory from Prehistory to the Middle Ages. Three aspects in particular have been taken into consideration: a) the impact of geomorphology on the recognition of archaeological traces; b) the relationship between geomorphology and visibility of archaeological finds; c) the role of the geomorphological and/or of the human factors in the selection of areas to be settled. Our conclusion is that the geomorphological context assumes a major role in the selection of areas of settlement, while the visibility of the ground seems to affect not only the number of archaeological finds, but also their legibility and interpretation. pp. 129-152 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/BELVEDERE129-152.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavVIII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavIX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavX_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavXI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:397 2005-01-01 Il GIS del sito romano di Podere Cosciano: un esempio di gestione integrata dei dati di scavo Camin, L. Negri, A. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Between 1999 and 2001, as part of the project Archaeology of Volterra and its territory, excavation took place at a rural site of the Roman period, situated near the old village of Montegemoli (Pomarance, Pisa). For the systematic management of all the mainly paper documentation gathered during the various excavations (US records, records of finds, plans of strata, reliefs and sections, matrix, photographs, IGM cartography), an information system within the scope of GIS technology was planned and set up. The results achieved are presented in this work, with particular reference to the methodology followed. Moreover, attention is drawn to the advantages obtained by using GIS technology, which has enabled complex phenomena and spatial-temporal relations to be represented and analysed at a multiplicity of levels, as well as acting as a support for objective interpretative evaluations. pp. 153-166 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/CAMIN153-166.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavXII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:398 2005-01-01 ARKIS-NET: un web-GIS per il progetto di conservazione assistito Salonia, P. Negri, A. GIS and cartography Conservation and restoration The ARKIS-NET project is focused on an innovative vision of the conservation of cultural heritage, in which the role of the access to different knowledge levels to dynamically use information is fundamental. ARKIS-NET is an evolution of ARKIS (Architecture Recovery Knowledge Information System), an Information System developed in recent years and dedicated to the management, analysis and representation of heterogeneous data, from the artefact scale to the territorial one, used as support to conservation, safeguard and fruition of cultural heritage. ARKIS-NET provides the foundation for disseminating high-end heterogeneous data, organised and represented in GIS form, and mapping services via the Internet. An user-friendly interface allows remote users to make analyses and query on data, integrating them with local data. pp. 167-176 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/SALONIA167-176.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavXIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:399 2005-01-01 Tecnologie GPS e Personal Data Assistant applicati all'archeologia dei paesaggi Campana, S. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The Department of Medieval Archaeology of the University of Siena has been engaged for several years in the testing of GPS survey application for landscape archaeology. In the first section of this paper we have summarised the GPS application developed for field-walking, aerial, geophysical and topographical surveys. In the second section we have discussed the fact that, since the second half of the 1990s, we have felt a progressive disjunction between work in the laboratory and work in the field. While the availability of advanced technologies has been rapidly growing, activities in the field have continued to make use of instruments and methodologies developed in the 1970s. A mobile GIS system managed through the merging of PDA and GPS technologies represents at the moment the best available solution for restoring the link. The conclusions reached in our experiments using these devices consistently go far beyond the increased fieldwork efficiency and finally make it possible to systematically apply strategies and methodologies developed in the past but rarely used up to now because they were too time consuming. pp. 177-197 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/CAMPANA177-197.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:400 2005-01-01 Tecniche laser scanner per il rilievo dei beni culturali Peloso, D. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration Laser scanner technology permits a rapid elaboration of digital models of surfaces and complex geometries which would be impossible to survey with traditional topographic instruments. It therefore represents the proper technology for surveying archaeological sites and objects of Cultural Heritage. In this paper the characteristics of different commercial instruments are described and their different resolutions in the acquisition of the coordinates and in measuring reflection. The presentation of some practical examples now gives us the opportunity to describe the operative process of 3D restitution from planning and performing the survey up to the development of specific procedures for the elaboration of data. pp. 199-224 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/PELOSO199-224.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavXIV_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n16_tavXV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:401 2005-01-01 "Archeologia e Calcolatori": nuove strategie per la diffusione di contenuti in rete sulla base dell'OAI-PMH Barchesi, C. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education A project for digitalization and web diffusion of the journal «Archeologia e Calcolatori» contents has been recently started. While PDF seems to be the most satisfactory data format to deliver the electronic version of documents, international standards developed within the Open Archives paradigm can surely offer fascinating solutions to disseminate metadata describing their content. The most relevant protocol for Open Archives implementation is OAI-PMH. Several software applications to support OAI-PMH have been proposed by different institutions and some obtained a brilliant success. However, in certain situations the deployment of an OAI-PMH conformant repository is still problematic. The reason ranges from lack of technical expertise, cost of implementation and intrinsic complexity of web server administration. For small research institutions and university departments the most part of the existing OAI applications seems in effect not simple to implement. In this paper a simplified approach to OAI implementation for small and medium size archives is discussed. This project is based on an OAI Static Repository file (OAI-SR, i.e. an XML file based on a schema whose guidelines have been recently issued by OAI), Visual Basic, ASP, XML/XSL and Java technologies. It has been applied to the collection of abstracts coming from the articles published in «Archeologia e Calcolatori», but it can easily be adapted to other cultural subjects with small efforts. pp. 225-241 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/Barchesi_16_2005.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:402 2005-01-01 JIIA "Journal of Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Archaeology" un'esperienza telematica di comunicazione scientifica D'Ascoli, A. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The «Journal of Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Archaeology» (acronym JIIA), at the URL http://www.jiia.it/, online since the 10th of October 2003 is a full-text and peer reviewed journal oriented to “alternative” Open Access publishing, formed by experimental personal initiative and on a non-profit basis. The aim of the JIIA e-journal is the dissemination of scientific communications in archaeology, antiquity sciences and archaeological applied sciences: it is therefore interdisciplinary and intercultural. The Journal web site, originally static, has been completely renewed. The repository, created with open-source MyOPIA, MySQL Online Publications Index Administration , allows matching to the OAI-PMH protocol and hence metadata harvesting. The Journal appears as a novelty in a sector which, in our country, is still in its infancy. The article also discusses problems related to on-line editing and open archives. pp. 243-269 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/DASCOLI243-270.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:403 2005-01-01 Shared Technologies in archeologia: nuove prospettive di gestione e condivisione di dati in rete Cantone, F. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The ICT revolution in archaeological studies is producing thousands of digital data: interaction can be the key word to make more easy and efficient their access, communication, use, and analysis. It is well known that a lack of standardization is one of the most important limitations that prevent efficient interaction between different data sets. Interoperability and comparability of different archaeological data sets may increase interpretation and analysis. The paper outlines current developments in archaeological data standardization, and looks forward for an easier and more efficient process of integration of different kinds of data. The paper focuses in particular on the possibility of exploiting peer-to-peer and shared technologies to build archaeological data networks in an easy way, disseminating the standardization in a down-to-top way, avoiding technical and practical problems related to the hierarchical imposition of new formats. The paper addresses the possibility to realize and make available on the Internet a free tool to build an archaeological data community, with free access, validation, etc., to share data making the most of free text-based standards: XML, X3D, etc. The overall benefits of the proposed file-sharing solution can be summarized as follows: integration of different data typologies; standardization; interaction and networking; modularity; human readability; cooperative creation of vocabularies, graphical libraries, utilities, tools. pp. 271-290 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/CANTONE271-290.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:404 2005-01-01 La gestione della conoscenza in archeologia: modelli, linguaggi e strumenti di modellazione concettuale dall'XML al semantic Web Signore, O. Missikoff, O. Moscati, P. Data encoding and metadata Theoretical and methodological problems Despite the fact that an increasing number of researchers in the cultural heritage sector is recognising the advantages that could derive from the use of knowledge management methodologies and tools, a lack of awareness of the basic principles of this discipline is still rather evident. Key concepts like “knowledge representation”, metadata, conceptual modeling, syntactic or semantic interoperability, ontologies, can prove difficult to understand (and even more difficult to apply) for researchers with a background in the humanities. This contribution, therefore, aims at clarifying the theoretical reference framework through the concrete analysis of archaeological materials. In fact, while it seems easier to borrow definitions and theoretical concepts or to artificially create even very complex conceptual models (e.g. the CIDOC CRM, which has recently been recognised as an ISO standard), it is a lot harder to implement such principles onto real world objects analysis. According to this assessment, and to the need of going from theoretical to practical aspects, the paper is structured in three parts: the first offers a theoretical base that makes available, even for non-experts, the tools for addressing more operational aspects; the second describes, through practical examples, both the knowledge representation model and the software tool used for analysing a class of materials, the Etruscan urns, as shown in the third part. The final objective is, therefore, to provide a point of reference for facilitating the approach towards KM (Knowledge Management) and help clarifying the key elements of a discipline that is obtaining a growing success but, so far, still showing a high level of entropy. pp. 291-319 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/SIGNORE291-319.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:405 2005-01-01 Concettualizzazione e contestualizzazione dei beni culturali archeologici Pierobon Benoit, R. Proto, F. Aiello, A. Brandi, S. Mango Furnari, M. Data encoding and metadata Theoretical and methodological problems This report describes the observations made while developing a new methodology for historic surveys used for the re-contextualisation of archaeological finds. This particular methodology avails itself of both traditional historic surveys as well as the representation of knowledge through ontology. The methodology described here was developed in reference to specific cases of re-contextualisation of archaeological artefacts from Pompeii which are now in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples. pp. 321-339 2005-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF16/PIEROBON321-339.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVI - 2005 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:407 2006-01-01 Les ressources d’information archéologiques sur Internet: le point de vue de l’utilisateur Guimier-Sorbets, A.-M. Fromageot-Lanièpce, V. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The Archéologie du monde grec et systèmes d’information team (CNRS – Paris X – Nanterre) presents a survey of the web resources available for Archaeology in two parts, the first dedicated to developments and use of web products, the second to information retrieval. This article is focused on practices: access to research results transposed from a traditional edition to a web site; hybrid diffusion and original contents specially designed for the Internet; retrieval tools usually used, such as Google, distinguished between “portals” designed and developed by archaeological institutions: these portals allow researchers and students to find selected and qualified information. At the end of the text, we present our web sites: Mélanges électroniques en hommage à René Ginouvès, Bibliographie de l’architecture grecque, «Cahiers des thèmes transversaux», Chronique Internet pour l’archéologie. pp. 7-24 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/01_Guimier.pdf FR http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:408 2006-01-01 L’iconographie de la mythologie antique sur le web: le site LIMC-France et ses bases de données Linant de Bellefonds, P. Szabados, A.-V. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The web site LIMC-France, created by the French team of the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC), is free and available in seven languages: English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Russian and Spanish. The site makes it possible to consult and search three different databases: – LIMCicon, the main database, gives access to file-cards gathering technical and scientific data relating to all Greek and Roman objects decorated with a mythological image that have been studied by the French team of LIMC, not only in French museums but also in several Near-Eastern, North African and East European countries. Most of the files are related to one or several digitized photographs. Each entry comprises a number of fields, all of them searchable, including bibliographical references, find-place, previous and current location, shape, iconographical description, key-words, etc. – LIMCbiblio updates the bibliography of LIMC articles from their publishing date onward. – LIMCabrev is a helpful tool giving complete titles of the abbreviations used in LIMC and in other publications of the LIMC Foundation. pp. 25-43 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/02_Linant.pdf FR http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n17_tavI_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:409 2006-01-01 Studio sull’iconografia di Aiace Telamonio con metodi di analisi esplorative dei dati Camiz, S. Ferrazza, E. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds This work focuses on the images representing the myth of Ajax, son of Telamon, as represented in a corpus of finds from Greece and pre-Roman Italy. The iconography of the classical myth is studied together with other characters, such as kind of object, production, painting technique, place of finding, age. The age was fixed in intervals of 50 years, because of the wide chronological range and the uncertainty of the age of some finds. The data table crossing the finds with the characters was first submitted to Multiple Correspondence Analysis, where a strong relation was revealed. This suggested that an attempt should be made to estimate the age on the basis of the other characters. Qualitative Discriminant Analysis, applied to the objects with certain age, gave good classification functions that were used to estimate the age of the finds with uncertain age. In conclusion, the examination of the graphs shows how different meanings and functions of a Greek myth are illustrated throughout Classical Antiquity. pp. 45-70 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/03_Camiz.pdf IT http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:410 2006-01-01 Interactive learning activities in Greek art Salapata, G. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education This article describes two learning activities on Greek art and my reflections on the design elements which were influenced by the principles and recommendations that are particularly useful for distance education. The project arose out of a desire to emulate online the classroom experience of studying and analysing images of Greek art and had two goals: to provide students (1) with an opportunity to practise on their own visual analysis and interpretation of Greek images and apply them to new examples; and (2) with comprehensive but progressive feedback that would guide them in their way of thinking to reach the correct answer. In the Greek Art module, the activity assists students in dating vase paintings. Each example offers a choice of chronological periods in which to place the image. Errors in selection are used constructively, with the feedback providing hints on which elements of the image to pay attention to in order to arrive at the correct dating. Correct answers are accompanied by questions guiding students to consciously justify their selection. In the Greek Mythology module, the activity assists students in the identification of figures involved in mythological depictions. By clicking on the figures students can see not only the correct answer but also a series of questions that guide them to justify their answer by referring to the specific features on which they based their identification. These interactive activities can be used at the students own pace and provide immediate and constructive feedback. At the same time, they allow reflection before the correct answers, given in small successive steps, are revealed. The activities are linked to learning outcomes and prepare students for future summative assessment. They are a pedagogically sound computermediated tool to encourage active, deep and reflective learning. pp. 71-82 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/04_Salapata.pdf ENG http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n17_tavII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:411 2006-01-01 Applicazioni della matematica fuzzy per la selezione dei progetti conservativi nei siti archeologici Atzeni, C. Sanna, U. Spanu, N. Statistics Cultural Resource Management The authors deal with the problem of a standardised but clear and easily understood framework for the strategic decisions involved in the selection among the diverse projects for the conservation and cultural and economic enhancement of archaeological sites. The aim of the paper is to explore the possibility of the use of fuzzy logic to create a hierarchy among the different projects. We propose the use of fuzzy numbers mathematics for the joint treatment of technical, landscape impact, economic and humanistic aspects in selecting the best conservation projects. The basic elements for the definition and the arithmetic of fuzzy numbers are given and a procedure based on the ordering is implemented. Finally, an application relating to an archaeological site on the Mediterranean Sea (Nora, Sardinia) is presented. pp. 83-94 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/05_Atzeni.pdf IT http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n17_tavII_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n17_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:412 2006-01-01 Analyse de Régression Simple pour l’étude des masses tumulaires des monuments mégalithiques López-Romero González de la Aleja, E. Statistics Classification of archaeological finds A methodology for the statistical estimation of the tumular dimension of simple megalithic monuments is developed through Simple Regression Analysis. Such a perspective may contribute to the global comprehension of badly preserved megalithic monuments and to establishing their role in the landscape; at the same time, and under certain circumstances, the statistical estimation can help in the planning of archaeological activities involving the monuments. pp. 95-106 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/06_Lopez.pdf ENG http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n17_tavIII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:413 2006-01-01 Perspective théorique de l’évaluation de la sensibilité des sites du paysage archéologique selon une double approche: statistique et prospection au sol. Un cas d’étude d’Iran. Niknami, K.A. Statistics Survey and excavations The increase in human population, economic development projects and the rapid expansion of inhabited areas in Iran are in conflict with the need to protect natural and cultural landscapes. Unfortunately, the natural and cultural heritage sites are the victims of these demands and they are increasingly being threatened by the growing population and their economic demands and land use before an archaeological study can be conducted. It is important to know that formulation of research policy and implementation of sound conservation-oriented management tools based on the proper research strategies could contribute toward arresting the problems while securing the existence of invaluable natural and cultural sites. A cultural landscape is, by definition, the sum of various kinds of landforms. The probabilities are that the cultural elements of a landscape may change dramatically through time as the surrounding landscape and land use patterns change. Since cultural landscape structure and change are fundamental determinants of land use, the approaches used in landscape management which emphasize environmental and cultural landscape homogeneity, offer some useful application in a holistic analysis of landscapes. This approach explicitly links archaeological studies of landscape with various land use patterns that may have affected cultural heritage structures. This paper attempts to make a contribution toward application of the above concept to cultural landscape. In addition the paper discusses the potential of an assessment method using statistics based on findings from a case study in Iran. pp. 107-120 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/07_Niknami.pdf FR http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:414 2006-01-01 Artificial Neural Networks in archaeology Deravignone, L. Macchi Jánica, G. Simulation AI Survey and excavations Artificial neural networks are adaptive models that can be used for classification and pattern recognition purposes. ANNs do not differ from standard statistical models. The main difference between ANNs and traditional statistical models is their construction and definition process. In fact ANNs are adaptive in the sense that they can learn. Landscape Archaeology is a research area where the application of ANNs can be very useful. ANNs can be used for Landscape pattern recognition and Settlement systems modeling. This paper illustrate some aspects of the development of new tools and the application of ANNs in a raster GIS environment for archaeological predictive modeling purposes. pp. 121-136 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/08_Deravignone.pdf ENG http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:415 2006-01-01 Open source in archeologia. Nuove prospettive per la ricerca Pescarin, S. Multimedia and web tools Theoretical and methodological problems How can an approach that at first seemed looking like a confused bazaar, from which just a miracle could let come out a stable and coherent system, work? If open source is demonstrating its success in the IT sector, can this approach be successfully applied also to the Cultural Heritage field? Integration, interdisciplinarity, participation, data sharing are key words of an open project, together with web use. In fact the use of the Internet will increasingly become not only a medium to communicate, often marginally, final results, but a real working tool. The paper will analyze a possible use of open source in archaeology, describing pro and contra of its use and comparing the characteristics of an open project with those of an archaeological one, underlying similarities and differences. A specific and new type of application will be described: VRwebGIS that will open new perspectives such as the interactive reconstruction of shared 3D web-based archaeological environments. pp. 137-155 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/09_Pescarin.pdf IT http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n17_tavIV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:416 2006-01-01 Ploes: percorsi tra archeologia, storia e tecnologie informatiche Camin, L. Marini, A. Negri, A. Database Classification of archaeological finds The systematic study of imports from the Orient uncovered in funerary contexts, as part of a research project the purpose of which is the reconstruction of the trade and cultural relations between the Aegean and the oriental basin of the Mediterranean in the Early Iron Age, has been supported by the relational database Ploes carried out in a MsAccess 2000 environment. Ploes represents an example of the possible meeting point between computer science and historical-archaeological research and testifies to the contribution that the computer science technologies can also offer to studies of the traditional school. The digital archives, that have replaced the conventional catalogue, have allowed the management of great amounts of data (1000 imported objects distributed in 300 tomb contexts) in a way that is functional for the purposes of research thanks to the possibility of creating a multiplicity of paths for reading the material. The Ploes database has allowed the storage of data related to individual objects and their discovery contexts in a single archive, thus making it possible to adopt a contextual approach to the analysis of the archaeological documentation. The structure of the digital archives reflects the defined methodological plan at the level of theoretical formulation of the study project: Ploes represents therefore not simply a container of information but an indispensable research instrument. pp. 157-175 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/10_Camin.pdf IT http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n17_tavV_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:417 2006-01-01 Viewshed e Cost Surface Analyses per uno studio dei sistemi insediativi antichi: il caso della Daunia tra X e VI sec. a.C. Pecere, B. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations This paper aims to illustrate how the use of GIS tools and the application of spatial analysis techniques can help to enhance our understanding of the geographical, spatial and temporal dimensions of ancient landscapes. The theoretical and methodological point of reference of the research comes from the experience gained in a European context in the field of Settlement Archaeology, especially on a regional scale. Pre-Roman Daunia is a specific case study falling within a larger project that encompasses the whole of southern Italy, developed by the Laboratory of Archaeological Computing at the University of Lecce. Viewshed Analyses and Cost Surface Analyses were used to investigate the possible relationships between the physical and human landscape systems and to verify the presence or absence of a possible hierarchy among the sites belonging to these systems. Some interesting considerations emerged from the analysis of the Iron Age settlement system. In the earliest phases (10th-9th centuries BC), characterised by the absence of dominant towns, the settlements were organized into “small systems” made up of a number of sites, laid out in accordance with systems of physical landscape that seem to reflect precise choices; in the later phases (8th-first half of the 7th century BC), at the same time as the abandonment of the “small system” model of sites, the first signs of a hierarchy among sites emerge, and this begins to take more visible forms in the Archaic age. The work conducted on this case study has shown how the results of spatial analyses can provide the starting point for the formulation of new research hypotheses and surveying strategies in a territory where the surveys conducted up until now have tended to focus on the field of material culture, which is better documented thanks to the large collections of finds from funerary contexts, which have received more attention. pp. 177-213 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/11_Pecere.pdf IT http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n17_tavVI_Big.gif http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ImageGallery/big/n17_tavVII_Big.gif Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:418 2006-01-01 Implementación de un sistema combinado OMR-ICR en el procesado de materiales arqueológicos Vieito Covela, S. Computer Graphics IP CAD Classification of archaeological finds The project of incorporation and preliminary evaluation of a processing system for the description of pottery forms by means of the use of OMR and ICR devices is illustrated. This project, which has been implemented by the Laboratorio de Arqueoloxía of the Universidade de Vigo (Grupo de Investigación “Arqueoloxía Aplicada”), simplifies and speeds the recording of archaeological finds. The implementation of this type of system, applied in the analysis of finds coming from the Roman villa of Toralla, implies significant reduction in processing time of archaeological materials with the consequent advantages on the general process of investigation. pp. 215-228 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/12_Vieito.pdf ES http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:419 2006-01-01 La guida interattiva INandOUT. Un modo nuovo di esplorare musei ed aree archeologiche Benelli, E. Todini, E. Masini, M. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The Interactive Guide INandOUT, created as part of the project “Signs of pre-Roman cultures in land and landscape” and sponsored by the European Program “Culture 2000”, aims at experimenting new forms of comprehension by creating a direct link between site-visiting, excavations finds and archival research using the newest available technologies (notebooks, Tablet PCs, etc.). The Interactive Guide INandOUT answers the visitor’s need to contemplate the single work he is observing inside the site or museum and to observe it together with the entire site, at the same time. In short, it can place the visitor outside the site while still taking him through each single step of the excavations. Two goals have been achieved: first of all an informative net was created, covering vast open spaces (such as those found in archeological sites) and smaller indoor spaces (such as those found in museums), and using wireless technology (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPRS, UMTS). Second, this net was filled with multi-medial contents, such as animations, movies, images, sounds and voices, in order to enhance the correspondence between inside and outside, between the single object and its original environment. The visitor’s position is identified by means of tags RFid (Radio Frequency Identification). These simple and quite “invisible” radio transmitters, spread all over the site, interact with the client-driver (the Tablet PC) given to the visitor. By receiving different specific codes the Guide recognizes where the visitor stands and sends him the most specific and contextual information. Last, but not least, the RFid system considerably reduces both operation and maintenance costs. The Tags used to activate the multi-medial information on the visitor’s Tablet PC are small, easily attached (even only using glue) and easily removed if necessary, long lasting, ideal for open and external spaces, and, most important, they need no power supply. pp. 229-240 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/12_Benelli.pdf IT http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:420 2006-01-01 Organizzare il processo conoscitivo nell’indagine archeologica: riflessioni metodologiche ed esperimenti digitali Zanini, E. Costa, S. Multimedia and web tools Theoretical and methodological problems The excavation conducted since 2002 by the Department of Archaeology of Siena University in the s.c. Byzantine District near the Pythion shrine in Gortyn (Crete) gave the opportunity to develop some methodological reflections about the documentation of the cognitive process performed during archaeological excavations. From this point of view, GIS represents the end-point of an archaeological documentation system that links finds to their physical dimension and spatial position. But GIS appears to be at a hard point when it comes to recording the other side of archaeological information, linked with non-material evidence, functional and non-spatial relationships. This is the kind of information that emerges from the interaction between the clues and finds system and the reading/understanding ability of the team that does the fieldwork. This kind of interaction finds a better form of expression in a “narrative” language (multi-vocal excavation report and video recording). At the same time the opportunity of using a wiki as a platform for a web-based reconstruction of the team’s “mind map” was experimented. With this kind of system every piece of information can find its “place” for archiving, discussing and publishing. pp. 241-264 2006-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/13_Zanini.pdf IT http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/15_Tavole.pdf Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:424 2006-01-01 Recensioni - Archeologia e Calcolatori XVII Fulminante, F. Petacco, L. pp. 265-277 2006-01-01 text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF17/14_Recensioni.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVII - 2006 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:425 2007-01-01 Riccardo Francovich (1946-2007) Valenti, M. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems pp. 7-12 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/1_Valenti.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:426 2007-01-01 TESS. La banca dati on-line dei rivestimenti a mosaico Ghedini, F. Rinaldi, F. Kirschner, M. Tognon, M. Database Classification of archaeological finds A project undertaken by the University of Padua has developed the new database system TESS for mosaics. This database system meets the national standards required by the Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione – ICCD. The database is available on-line thanks to the project «Cultural heritage in the Adriatic area: knowledge, preservation and enhancement», co-financed by the Community Initiative INTERREG III A – Adriatic Cross Border Programme. In detail, the database TESS includes informative files regarding Building and Rooms, Location, relevant Bibliography and Mosaic Pavement. Each file contains plans, designs and photographs. Furthermore, all the fields have a list of univocal and exhaustive terms in the Italian language. The mosaics database aims to provide a key working tool for the identification of the origins of iconographic themes, their geographic distribution and the development of local fashions which vary according to the context. The software was developed on a FileMaker client/server environment to achieve these key goals: multiplatform availability (Windows/Macintosh), multiuser capability and remote connectivity. Making wide use of the latest tools included in FileMaker 8, the development group created a smart and complete GUI to access the complex data structure, and at the same time implemented a stringent control of user privileges by setting data-related group policies. The result is a powerful middleware application that allows data entry, analysis and publication to geographically distributed operators and will provide data consultation to other users through normal web browsers. pp. 13-43 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/2_Ghedini.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:427 2007-01-01 Vasa Rubra: un catalogo informatizzato per le terre sigillate di Iulia Concordia Annibaletto, M. Database Classification of archaeological finds The Vasa Rubra project started a couple of years ago with the aim of cataloguing and studying all the terra sigillata wares found in the ancient Roman town of Iulia Concordia, now called Concordia Sagittaria (VE). The first step in this project was the creation of a database able to respond to requirements, which were both scientific and aimed at protecting the archaeological objects. The process of creating the database, entirely dedicated to archaeologists, represented an opportunity to reflect on the use of databases in archaeology and for analysing the interaction between computers and users. Even if it continues to maintain its original meaning of tool, without becoming the final aim of the research, this database has demonstrated its usefulness for collecting data about the terra sigillata of Concordia, and has improved and facilitated the scientific study which followed. pp. 45-56 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/3_Annibaletto.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:428 2007-01-01 Pre-Biblio, bibliografia georeferenziata della Preistoria e della Protostoria italiana: struttura del progetto e primi risultati Parenti, F. Database Conservation and restoration The paper presents the new relational database Pre-Biblio on the Prehistory and Quaternary geology of Italy. It will be mainly composed of two correlated databases, «sites» and «bibliography» and some others such as the biographies of the most important scholars, the taxa of fossil remains contained in the sites, the palaeobasins. Each bibliographic reference will be linked to sites, which will be georeferenced on the 1:25.000 topographic maps of the «SIGEC» GIS system of the Ministry of Culture. An accurate survey of Italian and foreign literature regarding archaeology, vertebrate palaeontology, geology and related sciences from Villafranchian to Early Iron Age has been conducted in the most important libraries of Italian Institutions specialized in Quaternary studies and Prehistory. An estimated total of about 25,000 sites, 60,000 references and 800,000 links represents the core of the project, which could be concluded in five years with a team of eight specialists. The paper also provides a preliminary appraisal of the chronological distribution of published sites covering the whole Italian territory, according to which the protohistory (Bronze and First Iron Ages) accounts for half of the estimated body of data. pp. 57-74 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/4_Parenti.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:429 2007-01-01 Il sistema informativo territoriale archeologico della città di Parma Bigliardi, G. GIS and cartography Cultural Resource Management The «Sistema Informativo Territoriale Archeologico di Parma» is a project promoted by the National Archaeological Museum of Parma in partnership with the «Centro di Geotecnologie» of the University of Siena, the municipality of Parma and the «Compagnia Generale di Ripreseaeree». The aim of the project was to create an archaeological resource management GIS, which would be useful both to archaeologists and to the municipality for city planning. The GIS was built with ESRI ArcInfo. The relational structure of its geo-database, managed with ArcCatalog, permits the use of a data model based on separate tables for the attributes of archaeological sites, associated archaeological investigations, and the data that constitutes the archive of the sites. The attribute tables are linked directly to spatial objects and base maps managed in ArcMap and provide the essential spatial search and query needed to manage the data effectively. The system is based on the 1:5.000 Regional Technical Map, that provides a spatial framework and information about roads, properties and administrative boundaries; it is integrated with aerial photographs and historical charts. This GIS consists of a spatial object that defines the location and/or boundaries of a broad range of data, from prehistoric sites to larger Roman and medieval structures. The associated attribute information for each of those sites is defined by the default thesauri, i.e. lists of preferred terms for describing types of archaeological sites. In the first step the study had concerned the old town centre of Parma; at this time the GIS holds nearly 400 archaeological sites and provides the main source of information about the archaeological excavations in the city. Some thematic maps of Parma have been created including a distribution map, chronological maps, an archaeological potential map. In the next phase the project will be extended to the whole municipal territory. pp. 75-100 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/5_Bigliardi.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:430 2007-01-01 A stochastic model to simulate and predict archaeological landscape taphonomy: monitoring cultural landscape values based on an Iranian survey project Niknami, K.A. Statistics Survey and excavations Archaeological scatters on the landscape present us with spatially patterned materials and features. Linking these spatial patterns to proximate aspects of scatter structure formation, and, ultimately, to understand the effect of land use systems in which landscape taphonomy occurred is one goal for landscape degradation analysis. While in the literature there has been a growing awareness of the pattern recognition problems posed by surface artifact distributions, due to the destruction or alteration of accompanying contextual information by landscape taphonomy processes, no substantive results have appeared in Iran. Analytical techniques for the description, classification and quantitative analysis of surface data remain poorly developed here and have often been incorrectly used and interpreted. The main concern of this paper is to investigate and interpret the effects of land use patterns on the distribution of surface artifacts. The discussion focuses on providing a quantitative model which constitutes an analytical framework integrating methods and theory. This project uses an example provided by the archaeological survey project undertaken at Garrangu River Basin from 1992 onwards in Northwestern Iran. As a case study, land use dynamics of an archaeological landscape were measured through the study period, and Markov Chain models were used to project observed changes of artifact distributional structures over a 50 year period. pp. 101-120 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/6_Niknami.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:431 2007-01-01 Proposals for an archaeological analysis of pathways and movement Fábrega Álvarez, P. Parcero Oubiña, C. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations Movement has played a significant role in archaeological analyses of territoriality in recent years. The incorporation of technologies such as GIS has reinforced that role, since they have made it possible to conduct detailed in-depth investigations of the natural constraints for movement. In this paper the authors describe a procedure developed to explore the relationship between networks of pathways, settlements and territory, following a “backward” perspective that tries to approach the processes of historical transformation of pathways. The proposal is applied to an area in Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula), between the provinces of A Coruña and Pontevedra. pp, 121-140 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/7_Fabrega.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:432 2007-01-01 Tecniche speditive per la ricostruzione tridimensionale dell’area archeologica di Villa Magna Angelini, A. Colosi, F. Gabrielli, R. Fentress, E. Filippone, C. Remote Sensing Survey and excavations The article presents the results of the GPS and photographic surveys conducted on the archaeological site of Villa Magna (Anagni, Lazio). The archaeological complex, identified as the imperial residence of Antoninus Pius, occupies an area of about 22 hectares. Presently, the visible remains are divided into two principal nuclei: the northern one, near the church of S. Pietro, and the southern one, occupied by a farmhouse. The aim of the survey was the reconstruction of the morphology of the terrain in order to produce a Digital Terrain Model and to highlight the relationship between natural elements and ancient structures. In order to speed up the work, a new procedure was used. It consists of a Differential GPS used in a kinematic way by mounting the rover antenna on a jeep. In this article the experimental method’s advantages and the problems of acquisition are analysed. Moreover, low altitude photographs of the archaeological excavations were taken using an aerostatic balloon. The photographic system was anchored to the balloon with a radio-controlled device called Picavet. Georeferenced photos can be very useful not only for documenting but also for presenting and exploiting the site. pp. 141-158 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/8_Angelini.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:433 2007-01-01 Misure di resistività mediante OhmMapper finalizzate allo studio del sito di Torraccia di Chiusi Cavalieri, M. Bottacchi, M. Mantovani, F. Ricciardi, G. Data encoding and metadata Geoarchaeology The paper describes the findings of a geo-electric study conducted at the archaeological site of Torraccia di Chiusi (Siena Province) with the use of soil resistivity modelling. In collaboration with the Département d’Archéologie et Histoire de l’Art (Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium) and the Centro di GeoTecnologie (Università degli Studi di Siena), a new, non-invasive instrument, named the OhmMapper, was used for the first time in an archaeological context to provide geophysical sections of the terrain. The aim of the study was to evaluate the nature and distribution of the buried anthropogenic structures and to properly locate them on the map without the necessity of excavating. The site, located in the valley of the Foci river, has been described as a long lasting settlement (III to VII centuries AD, although ceramics dating to the II century BC have been uncovered). The OhmMapper is a capacitively coupled resistivity meter that measures the electrical properties of rocks and soil without ground stakes used in traditional resistivity surveys. A simple coaxial-cable array with transmitter and receiver sections is pulled along the ground either by a single person or attached to an all-terrain vehicle. The dipole-dipole configuration enables the instrument to immediately pick up the horizontal variations in resistivity, thereby enabling the user to identify structures such as walls or cavities. With the OhmMapper, nine sections were made around the perimeter of the area already excavated to collect data on the presence, depth, and dimensions of anthropogenic structures. The results from the sections were refined and placed on a map using an ArcGIS platform. The interpretation of the nine sections resulted in a new hypothesis on the buried anthropogenic structures and a new model of the natural landscape that existed at the site prior to its construction. pp., 159-185 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/9_Cavalieri.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:434 2007-01-01 Immagini satellitari ad alta risoluzione e ricerca archeologica: applicazioni e casi di studio con riprese pancromatiche e multispettrali di QuickBird Lasaponara, R. Masini, N. Scardozzi, G. Remote Sensing Survey and excavations The paper concerns the research activities of the IBAM-CNR and the IMAA-CNR in the field of archaeological remote sensing with the use of very high resolution images of QuickBird, the satellite with the greatest geometrical resolution available for civil use. These images have an enormous potential in the study of ancient urban and territorial contexts and for the identification and spatial characterization of archaeological sites, particularly when aerial photos and recent detailed maps are not available. During the archaeological research in Hierapolis of Phrygia (Turkey) and in southern Italy (Monte Irsi, Monte Serico, Jure Vetere and Metaponto), the examination and the study of panchromatic and multispectral images of QuickBird made it possible to detect surface anomalies and traces linked to ancient buried structures or to paleo-environmental elements; moreover, panchromatic images were georeferenced and used as the base field maps for the survey in Hierapolis, together with GPS systems. The satellite images were analysed both for the identification of archaeological features and for the characterisation of the contexts in which these elements were found. During field work, the traces and the anomalies identified in the images were constantly verified, so as to determine their actual relevance to archaeological elements, to interpret them and, where possible, to specify their chronology, thus avoiding misunderstandings and errors. The images were used in all phases of the research in combination with the aerial photographs and the available maps; they were also used for presentation of the results and were draped on DEM for the 3D visualization of the territories and of the archaeological features. In order to highlight particular archaeological traces and anomalies some image processing methodologies were adopted: multispectral processing and algorithms of data fusion (with the integration of the high spatial resolution of panchromatic images with the spectral capability of multispectral images), of enhancement (such as PCA, NDVI and TCT) and edge detection. pp. 187-227 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/10_Lasaponara.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:435 2007-01-01 Geometrical 3D laser scanner model of a Chalcolithic vessel (Gor, Granada, Spain) Esquivel, J.A. Alemá, I. Esquivel, F.J. Virtual Reality and 3D Modelling Conservation and restoration The most recent computer technologies of 3D geometrical modelling provide a great array of tools for archaeological investigation. This paper presents an application of the 3D laser scanner to study the metric and morphometric parameters of a Chalcolithic pottery vessel based on a 3D meshed triangular model. This model is referenced geometrically by high-precision fitting to the real object, enabling the study of some of the most important archaeological characteristics with great accuracy (texture, damage, profiles, etc.) as well as a reconstruction of those damaged parts. The computerized model has been used to study the metric and geometric parameters of the vessel, applying different statistical tests to analyse the width of vessel and the variability of some constructive parameters. These analyses allow us to compute any measurement, such as the surface area of vessel, the center of masses, the volume, and the regularly spaced contour levels of the interior and exterior. The results indicate the skill of the potters of the Copper Age and their knowledge of some elementary mathematical concepts of geometry and metric. pp. 229-241 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/11_Esquivel.pdf ENG Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:436 2007-01-01 LandLab Project and archaeology on-line. Web-based systems for the study of settlement patterns and excavation data in classical archaeology Semeraro, G. Multimedia and web tools Survey and excavations The paper deals with the results of the LandLab Project, aimed at the reconstruction of ancient landscapes. The use of the Internet for presenting the results of the scientific research is discussed through the presentation of two web applications, which have been implemented by the Laboratory of Archaeological Computing of the Dept. of Cultural Heritage - University of Lecce, Italy: the WebGIS of the pre-Roman settlements of the Salento region and WODOS, the on-line version of the ODOS excavation data management system. The web-based applications are aimed at developing new approaches to the problem of data preservation and data dissemination. They use the methods and technologies available in the field of Information and Communication Technology for the transfer of data, information management systems and multimedia communication in the reconstruction of ancient landscapes and cultural systems. The project is unique in the geographical context in question here, in that it represents the first thematic laboratory for research into the ancient landscape completely based on web programming and Internet technology. pp. 243-254 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/12_Semeraro.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:437 2007-01-01 Il Sistema T.Arc.H.N.A. Per una nuova accessibilità al patrimonio culturale Bagnasco, G. Mussio, P. Geroli, M. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education This paper presents the preliminary results of the Project T.Arc.H.N.A., Towards Archaeological Heritage New Accessibility, partially funded by the European Union, as part of the Culture 2000 Programme. Tarchna is the Etruscan name of the ancient city of Tarquinia and T.Arc.H.N.A. is the name of a model of the virtual Museum. Thanks to the use of modern technology, combined with a deep knowledge of history and archaeology, it has been possible to create a tool useful for both scholars and the wider public, which is also available for other situations. Through the cooperation of experts from two different fields – Computer Science and Archaeology – an innovative system of accessibility to the Cultural Heritage in the field of research, education and dissemination has been designed and implemented. One of the first results of the project is the restoration in its entirety of the original Tarquinian Heritage, much of which is scattered all over the world, lacking in contexts and anthropological meanings. Scholars are thus enabled to deal with this Cultural Heritage as a whole and to bring the single document from the environment that produced it, to the environment of the modern user, thus filling the gap between the document and its interpretation. In this way the public can learn the main features of the Etruscan culture and understand the research of scholars. pp. 255-272 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/13_Bagnasco.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:438 2007-01-01 Metodologia per la valutazione dell’impatto archeologico Campeol, G. Pizzinato, C. History of applications and research projects Theoretical and methodological problems This paper discusses the application of environment evaluation models, with regards to the Archaeological Component, in consideration of the rules in force for the protection and conservation of the archaeological heritage. The protection both of Cultural Heritage and of planning of infrastructures must follow the principles of «sustainable development». In the first part of the paper, the authors acknowledge the value of environmental and archaeological impact studies on the territory. These studies, which must be conducted in a preliminary phase, make it possible to acquire a more profound knowledge not only of places subject to archaeological risk, but also of the historical and environmental reconstruction that may be useful for carrying out a project. The second part of the essay tackles the methodological problem for the archaeological impact evaluation of a site; this can be developed with the following aims: a) to single out the historical periods of a territory, relevant from the archaeological point of view; b) to define the sensibility of a historical period; c) to define the level of risk. For the evaluation it is necessary to define a qualitative hierarchy of the different sensibility levels that the archaeological object can have. This hierarchy is based on the identification of the right pointers and relevant principles of interpretation. The last part of the paper is a synthesis of an applied study case, described after the explanation of the methodology of the archaeological impact evaluation. In this study case the “quali-quantitative” evaluation techniques are adopted. pp. 273-292 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/14_Campeol.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:439 2007-01-01 Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) e Beni Culturali: un’esperienza di gestione informatizzata assistita dalla radiofrequenza (RFId) Shephers, E.J. Benes, E. Data encoding and metadata Classification of archaeological finds The Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Ostia is the Italian government office charged with the preservation of the ancient Roman city of Ostia and its surroundings. Ostia has been the object of excavations since the Middle Ages and has yielded an enormous quantity of finds of all kinds. The Soprintendenza today undertakes mostly preventive excavations, especially in connection with public works. These result in vast quantities of finds that need to be housed in the office’s stores. Since 2004 the management of the stores has availed itself of the use of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFId), an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFId tags or transponders. An advanced automatic identification technology based on the RFId technology has two values for inventory systems. First, the visibility provided by this technology allows an accurate knowledge on the inventory level by eliminating the discrepancy between inventory record and physical inventory. Second, the RFId technology can prevent or reduce the sources of errors. Benefits of using RFId include the reduction of labour costs, the simplification of business processes and the reduction of inventory inaccuracies. pp. 293-303 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/15_Shepherd.pdf IT http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/ Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:463 2007-01-01 IL MEDITERRANEO ANTICO E MEDIEVALE COME LUOGO DI INCONTRO TRA ORIENTE E OCCIDENTE, NORD E SUD. ATTI DELLA GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUL TEMA “GIS E APPLICAZIONI INFORMATICHE ALLE RICERCHE ARCHEOLOGICHE E STORICHE” (Roma, CNR, 5 luglio 2007). Scardozzi, G. 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Scardozzi G. text IT Scardozzi G. (ed.), Progetto FIRB 2001. Atti della Giornata di studio sul tema “GIS e applicazioni informatiche alle ricerche archeologiche e storiche” (Roma, CNR, 5 luglio 2007) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:440 2007-01-01 Il Mediterraneo antico e medievale come luogo di incontro tra Oriente e Occidente, Nord e Sud D'Andria, F. History of applications and research projects Survey and excavations Introduction to the Giornata di studio sul tema “GIS e applicazioni informatiche alle ricerche archeologiche e storiche” (Roma, CNR, 5 luglio 2007) pp.307-311 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Scardozzi G. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/16_Dandria.pdf IT Scardozzi G. (ed.), Progetto FIRB 2001. Atti della Giornata di studio sul tema “GIS e applicazioni informatiche alle ricerche archeologiche e storiche” (Roma, CNR, 5 luglio 2007) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:441 2007-01-01 Gestione informatizzata dei dati archeologici e dei sistemi GIS. Applicazione al sito di Hierapolis di Frigia Semeraro, G. Pecere, B. GIS and cartography Survey and excavations The system used for organizing the data from the excavation at Hierapolis, a sample site for this research project, represents an example of the application of the methodology of GIS to a stratigraphically excavated site. The use of this methodology, based on the logical structuring of data in independent layers, makes it possible to reconstruct the micro-dynamics typical of a stratigraphic excavation. Once the archaeological layers are separated, divided and organized according to their geographic position, they are treated as a series of divisible and superimposable layers which can be used in order to create the floor plans of single monuments and, more generally, maps showing the different phases of the city. This type of data management makes it easier to understand the spatial organization and transformation of a city over time. pp. 313-330 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Scardozzi G. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/17_Semeraro.pdf IT Scardozzi G. (ed.), Progetto FIRB 2001. Atti della Giornata di studio sul tema “GIS e applicazioni informatiche alle ricerche archeologiche e storiche” (Roma, CNR, 5 luglio 2007) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:442 2007-01-01 Hierapolis di Frigia. Applicazioni informatiche alle ricognizioni archeologiche e telerilevamento da satellite: l’esempio degli acquedotti della città Scardozzi, G. Remote Sensing Survey and excavations The paper deals with some of the results of the research activities of the IBAM-CNR in the project «Il Mediterraneo antico e medievale come luogo di incontro tra Oriente e Occidente, Nord e Sud», conducted as part of the activities of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Hierapolis of Phrygia (Turkey). During the archaeological surveys in 2004-2007 satellite images with high geometric, radiometric and spectral resolutions, that constituted important tools for the research in the city and in its territory, were used because vertical aerial photos and recent detailed maps were not available. During the surveys some computer applications were also developed, such as a system which is able to facilitate and accelerate the task of positioning and managing the archaeological finds, using a palm-top computer or a Tablet PC integrated with a GPS antenna and a software for archaeological navigation and management of survey records called Ulixes, which is still in the prototype phase. The purpose of the system is to enable the users to navigate employing maps which they have chosen, or, as in the case of Hierapolis, using high resolution satellite images. In the event of an archaeological discovery, it is possible to memorise its position and metadata consisting of a record in which the geographical coordinates and a detailed description of the type of discovery are inserted. Exemplificative of the applied methodologies is the study of the aqueducts which brought water to Hierapolis. During the surveys in the territory around the ancient city three main routes were identified, documented and positioned. For the study, the reconstruction and the visualization of these routes, DEMs were also used, on which high resolution satellite images and imported waypoints from the GPS receivers used in the field work were draped. pp. 331-353 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Scardozzi G. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/18_Scardozzi.pdf IT Scardozzi G. (ed.), Progetto FIRB 2001. Atti della Giornata di studio sul tema “GIS e applicazioni informatiche alle ricerche archeologiche e storiche” (Roma, CNR, 5 luglio 2007) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:443 2007-01-01 Dinamiche di scambio nel Mediterraneo antico: il caso di Cerveteri Roncalli, F. Moscati, P. Scala, N. History of applications and research projects Survey and excavations The ISCIMA-CNR has participated in the FIRB 2001 Project with research on “Trade dynamics in the ancient Mediterranean: the role of Etruria”. This title raises a number of diverse issues: continuity and discontinuity in trading circuits in the Mediterranean Basin; structure of production and movement of goods; study of the relationship between urban and rural areas involved in their production and consumption; role of the Etruscan ports in the dynamic of trade. In order to conduct a diachronic analysis on this subject, the Etruscan metropolis of Cerveteri has been proposed as a sample area. Since the 1980s, in fact, Cerveteri has been investigated by the CNR Institute through systematic surveys and excavations, resulting in a better understanding of the urban area and the surrounding territory. In particular, within the FIRB Project, the results of the research activity come from the analysis of settlement models, the production of ceramic typological lists, the application of innovative ICT methods to field archaeology, together with archaeoastronomical and spatial analysis techniques, the use of archaeometric research tools to analyse ceramic and metallic objects. The article also describes in detail an integrated approach to define the typology and study the spatial distribution of specific classes of ceramics (in particular the archaic pottery), which have been found during excavations in the central part of the urban plateau, in an area occupied by an open-air elliptical building. pp. 355-371 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Scardozzi G. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/19_Roncalli.pdf IT Scardozzi G. (ed.), Progetto FIRB 2001. Atti della Giornata di studio sul tema “GIS e applicazioni informatiche alle ricerche archeologiche e storiche” (Roma, CNR, 5 luglio 2007) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:444 2007-01-01 Il sito web Impero romano e intellettuali greci Fontanella, F. Merlitti, D. Multimedia and web tools Data dissemination and education The website Impero Romano e Intellettuali Greci presents a selection of texts by Greek authors from the first imperial age on the topic of the Roman Empire. Each of these texts is tagged to identify the most important issues concerning the empire of Rome. These tags provide electronic access to the most significant passages in which some of the most important Greek intellectuals living between the first and second centuries BC published and circulated their ideas about the Roman Empire. All of the passages are presented in the original Greek and are accompanied by an abstract in Italian in which the context and content of the passage are summarized. With the presentation of each passage the larger work from which it is cited is indicated, in addition to essential information regarding the dating of and the circumstances under which each work was composed. pp. 373-382 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Scardozzi G. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/20_Fontanella.pdf IT Scardozzi G. (ed.), Progetto FIRB 2001. Atti della Giornata di studio sul tema “GIS e applicazioni informatiche alle ricerche archeologiche e storiche” (Roma, CNR, 5 luglio 2007) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:445 2007-01-01 Prospettive mediterranee dell’economia romana. L’apporto di una banca dati Nonnis, D. Database Classification of archaeological finds As part of the FIRB 2001 Project, a computer research project on Roman merchants who worked in the Mediterranean area from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD was commenced. Data about the single businessmen were gathered from inscriptions (first of all instrumentum domesticum) and literary sources (both Greek and Latin); data were processed in a relational database, which is briefly described here. This paper, by way of an example, considers merchants who lived during the Republic (over 250 people) and focuses on the economic and social aspects of their activity. Painted inscriptions (tituli picti) or graffiti on Roman amphorae, stamps on amphorae stoppers and marks on anchor stocks inform us of the names of many traders (most of all ingenui or freedmen) involved in the transport and sale of goods such as wine and olive oil. Other inscriptions (mainly epitaphs or religious dedications) refer to a lot of tabernarii who worked in Rome, in other towns of Roman Italy or the Provinces during the late 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Some data from literary sources are also available, mainly concerning important businessmen who operated in the whole Mediterranean basin. pp. 383-403 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio Scardozzi G. text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/21_Nonnis.pdf IT Scardozzi G. (ed.), Progetto FIRB 2001. Atti della Giornata di studio sul tema “GIS e applicazioni informatiche alle ricerche archeologiche e storiche” (Roma, CNR, 5 luglio 2007) Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:446 2007-01-01 Recensione a A. FIGUEIREDO, G. VELHO (eds.), The World is in Your Eyes. Proceedings of the XXXIII Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference (Tomar 2005), Tomar 2007, CAAPortugal Barchesi, C. p. 405 sgg 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/22_Barchesi.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:447 2007-01-01 Recensione a A. CORALINI, D. SCAGLIARINI CORLÀITA, Ut natura ars. Virtual Reality e archeologia. Atti della Giornata di Studi (Bologna 2002), Imola 2007, University Press Bologna Caravale, A. p. 411 sgg. 2007-01-01 Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio text pdf http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/indice/PDF18/23_Caravale.pdf IT Archeologia e Calcolatori n. XVIII - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:529 2007-01-01 SUPPLEMENTO 1, 2007 2007-01-01 Archeologia e Calcolatori supplemento 1 - 2007 oai:www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/databasegestione/A_C_oai_Archive.xml:489 2007-01-01